Structural analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

Structural analysis - Essay ExampleThis ordinarily depends on wavelength of the radiation. The beams that enter the lens form an image by overlapping on each diffraction pattern. As per the below diagram, Rayleigh found out that distinction between two points would be possible if maximum of the initial diffraction pattern matched with the minimum or the beginning of the second diffraction pattern. Therefore the distance d1 indicated is inversely proportional to diameter of the lens opening. In brief the gap r1 is dependent on wavelength ?, deflective index of the medium and the bung formed by the beam ?. r1=d1/2=0.61 ?/ ( sin?). Therefore a high resolution or a lower appraise of r1 can be obtained by a shorter wavelength, a higher refractive index of the traversing medium and a smaller distance to the specimen causing a larger value of (sin?). When ordinary light-optical microscopes argon used in air with refractive index=1, wavelengths of light macrocosm 400-700nm the maximum resolution that can be achieved is up to 200nm. Hence a magnification ratio above 1000 would be difficult to achieve. It is in these areas where a high amount of magnification is required that negatron microscopes prove the most beneficial. The Scanning negatron Microscope De Broglies relation describes the basic working prescript of an electron microscope. The equation derived is ?= 1.5/ (V+ 10-6 V2) 1/2 nm. Hence the wavelength can be adjusted by positive the voltage of the electron beam. Electrons tend to get highly scattered in air and therefore a vacuum atmosphere needs to be maintained. Specimens also need to be made electrically semiconducting to avoid getting overcharged with electrons during testing. The diagram shows the main components of a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). These function in abutting cohesion in the running of seven prominent systems which are notably 1. Vacuum system- To prevent the disperse of electron beams a vacuum atmosphere is maintained to prevent dispersion. To achieve this two classes of pump are used. A low vacuum pump brings down the air pressure from atmosphere to 10-3 Torr and a high vacuum pump bring it further down from 10-3 Torr to 10-6 Torr. 2. Electron beam coevals system- This system produces the illuminating or the primary electron beam for impingement on the sample. An electron flatulency generates the beam in a SEM. It is composed of a filament made of tungsten electrify, Cerium Hexaboride or Lanthanum Hexaboride. A grid cap that directs the flow of electrons and a positively charged anode that accelerates the electrons onto the surface of the specimen. 3. Electron beam manipulation system- a system of lenses and coils control the shape, size and position of the electron beam to be directed on the sample surface. electrostatic and magnetic fields control electron motion Electrostatic fields are found in the electron gun while magnetic field is confront in the rest of the SEM. By passing electric current through a copper wire a magnetic field is made to form an electron microscope lens. A series of these lenses also cognize as condenser lens removes any kind of spherical aberration or astigmatism in the image. When the beam traverses the final condenser lens two sets of magnetic scanning coils move the beam thereby scanning in the X and Y direction in a raster pattern i.e the specimen is scanned from the f number left hand corner to the right corner after which it drops

Analyzing an image Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Analyzing an image - examine ExampleThis is done through the in effect(p) manipulation of the schoolbook, use of pathos or emotional draw in and the combination of the text and message that make the advertisement irresistible to its audience.The text that accompanied the ad lifespan is theorizing where babies come from, and a memory foam mattress so you can sleep like one was very deft in manipulating the viewers to be attached to the image. It basically pointed to the two cute babies who were supposed to be theorizing while it used the word memory to associate and trigger filial fond family memory from the audience. The text itself does not really mean anything but when it was used as a caption to a family on a bed where two babies are playing and a mother sleeping, the text suddenly put on some depth and meaning. Now IKEA is no longer just a bed and a mattress made of wood and fabric but a place where families are conceptualized and where memories are made through the effect ive use of the visual text that manipulated the viewers emotion into liking the image and eventually, buying the ingathering being advertised.The advertisement used pathos or emotional draw in heavily Instead of explaining in the advertisement the features of IKEA furniture which is the domain of the logos, the ad instead portrayed a family where children are playing on the bed while the mother is sleeping. This image alone is already very powerful and its emotional appeal was made more potent with the text that says life is theorizing where babies come from, and a memory foam mattress so you can sleep like one. In effect, IKEA is attaching its products to family making it irresistible for the audience not to be touched by the message and image of the advertisement.The text and the image complemented each other to form a very powerful advertisement that delivers a compelling message of family, good memories, comfort, coziness and cute babies. taken

Parkinson's Disease Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Parkinsons Disease - Research Paper receivedThe earliest known record of the meditate of Parkinsons Disease is mentioned in James Parkinsons try out on the Shaking Palsy. The article describes the most common features of the disease which remain as the standard by which other types of parkinsonism are compared. The disease is mainly characterized by trembling of the limbs, muscular stiffness, and slow up body movement. In addition, souls suffering from the disease exhibit the following standing in a stooping posture walking in short, shuffling steps, and speaking softly in a rapid and tied(p) tone. In most cases, 60 to 80 percent of an individuals dopaminergic neurons dopamine-producing cells of the body are already non-functional by the time Parkinsons disease has been diagnosed.The mechanism which causes Parkinsons disease remains unknown. Its pathological mixed bag describes it as a systemic degeneration of the brain which targets specific cells in the brain. In 1908 D r. Frederick Lewy discovered brachydactylic structures in the brain associated with Parkinsons Disease. Called Lewy bodies, these structures are not found in other forms of parkinsonism. It has been theorized that a ill-timed aging process, unknown nutrient deficiency or toxin may be causing the deterioration of the substantia nigra.Tremors Tremors are the most common of Parkinsons disease, as observed in 50 percent of reported cases. It is the unwilling rhythmic movement of a body part which may occur during rest or when an individual realizes a certain movement or action. When the trembling occurs in the middle of a movement, it is classified as an action tremor. However, this does not show as a sign of the disease (Christensen, 2005). Body tremors usually actuate the arms and legs, but may to a fault be observed on the lips, tongue, jaw, abdomen, and chest. The trembling action lone(prenominal) occurs when the body part concerned is at rest, thus it is described as a restin g tremor (Duvoisin & Sage, 2001). In its advanced stages, Parkinsons disease may also cause postural or action tremors (Schapira, 2010). alleviation tremors usually start at the hands or feet, progressing until all four limbs are affected. Since rest tremors melt down once the body part affected starts to move, it does not interfere with an individuals ability to perform usual activities such as walking or holding objects (Sharma & Richman, 2005). Jankovics (2008) review of existing literary works on Parkinsons disease show that 69% of patients had rest tremor at the onset of the disease. Meanwhile, 9% of the patients lost their tremors at later stages. On the other hand, 11% of patients reported not experiencing tremors. However, another study involving autopsies among victims of Parkinsons disease revealed that all patients had experienced tremors at some point. Minen and Louis (2008) performed a study on clinical correlates among 53 patients diagnosed with Parkinsons disease. Analysis of the data collected revealed that 100% of the patients had rest tremors. In addition, the data also show that majority of patients with rest tremors were male. Muscular Rigidity Muscular stiffness among patients with Parkinsons disease is characterized by a constant and uniform resistance to limb manipulation. This type of stiffness in the brawninesss is called plastic rigidness wherein the patients massivenesss lose their ability to go back into a relaxed state even when the muscle is at rest (Duvoisin & Sage, 2001). Normally, muscle action involves the contraction and relaxation of specific muscle pairs. One muscle contracts while the other muscle relaxes. However, in

Marketing Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words - 1

Marketing Plan - act ExampleThis has campus at Hendon, Trent Park, Cat Hill, Enfield and Archway and now Dubai in the United Arab Emirates. Any student enrolling with Middlesex University mustiness take membership of Middlesex University Students Union (MUSU) within 14 days of enrolment.MUSU aims at representing the students of the University in matters affecting their educational experiences. It also aims at t o provide a recognised means of communication surrounded by the students and the University authorities. It promotes and encourages student societies, cultural, sports and social activities. It provides high quality and high value for money services that will have-to doe with the needs of students of the University and at last it ensures the students to be centre of their services.Academic year 2004-05 saw the university management imbibe MUSU, against the wishes and votes of MUSU members, to give up its commercial areas, i.e. shops, bars, cafeterias and entertainments. T hese have now been taken over by a partnership called Scholarest, a major player in catering facilities to UK educational institutions, who already handle catering facilities for the university proper. This item has arisen collect to a dispute over a 250,000 debt owed by MUSU to the university.2There are various unified objectives for MUSU. It is a service organisation and is aimed to provide services to the students to make their student life comfortable and their educational experience memorable to them.The Union is one of its types for its target group that is Middlesex University students. Each and every student is terpsichore to be member of the union. This is one of the strength of Union because the number of members in the union will adjoin with the increase in the number of students.One of the major weakness in the past have been ascendancy over budget where MUSU have been failed to continue its catering services which has been given to an outside agency due to the ov erdue payment to the

Social networking Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Social networking - shew ExampleThe particular study would be evaluated by referring to a variety of its characteristics, such as construction and content/ evidence. Also, the contribution of the study, for understanding the potential implications of neighborly networking sites could be explored. Hak has divided the study into thematic sections, so that all aspects of the issues under discussion are covered. In this context, Introduction is uptaked for explaining to the reader the papers key points and objectives. Then, two sections have been expenditured for presenting the findings of the literature in regard to the studys give in the first section, entitled as Social Media Networking (Hak 2012, p.12) shows the structure and role of kind networking sites, as these issues have been analyse in the literature. The second section, entitled as Security Risks and Trust Zones(Hak 2012, p.14) explains the tribute issues involved in the use of social networking sites and describes t he structure of Security Trust Zones, as tools for protecting the privacy of these sites users. At the next level, Hak refers to the analytical Hierarchy Process (Hak 2012, p.15), a tool developed by Saaty in 1970s (Hak 2012, p.15). The potential use of this tool for assessing the security risks of social networking sites is analytically explained (Hak 2012, p.15-16). ... Literature is used for showing the various aspects of studys subject. It should be noted that the literature chosen is recent mostly studies of 2010 and 2011 have been used, reflecting the actual status of social networking sites as tools for communication. Moreover, academic journals have been preferred, instead of books, aiming to use, as possible, empirical evidence for supporting the assumptions made. Also, a methodological analysis is suggested for facing a key problem in regard to social networking sites the assessment of security risks cerebrate to these sites. In addition, graphs and tables are used, where appropriate, for making the explanations given clearer. In other words, Hak has covered successfully both the divinatory and practical aspects of the issues under discussion. At this point the following issue should be discussed which is the value of the study of Hak in regard to the understanding of risks related to social networking sites? At a first level, the study of Hak shows that social networking sites basis be related to risks, especially security risks. These risks are analytically explained using appropriate literature, so that no doubts can exist in regard to the security implications of social networking sites. Then, the structure of social media networking is explained, so that the users of social networking sites are aware of the potential security gaps involved. The use of graphs, as possible, increases the value of the study of Hak in presenting the security risks of social media networking. Also, the study of Hak provides a methodology for assessing the security risks related to social networking sites. This methodology is based on a model that was first introduced in 1970s but which was never used, up today, for assessing the

Aesthetics in Education Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

esthetics in Education - Article typeSecondly, it allowed t individuallyers to bring aesthetics to some(prenominal) lesson in the classroom. Their final reason was so that teaching aesthetics is distinguished to use aesthetics in a way that promotes experiences that learners had and that gives them an chance to talk about these experiences. When looking at this assignment, aesthetics bed easily be found within the context of any classroom and these questions can be easily answered. 1 Aesthetics and Knowledge Knowledge is very important for students except they essential be able to use this knowledge in order for the knowledge learned to be valuable. In order to teach knowledge through aesthetics, it is important to recognize that this bea is very hands on. In order for children to learn to remember, memorize and recognize something, various games like Memory could be used. Memory is a game of cards that argon laid out face down and children must pick each card up, look at it and replace it face down. Children must memorize because the point of the game is to scar two cards. This idea can be applied to other things that are necessary for a student to learn like the alphabet. Also, the knowledge question can be answered in reading when the student is asked, Who, what, when, where, how ? In a fib. This can also help with comprehension. Students are often asked to describe certain things. As an example, the game, I Spy in which children must see something in the room and say the color can be a way for them to remember, recognize, recall and so forth. This question is very easy when it comes to aesthetics because as ample as something is hands on or used in some way that colors, fabrics and all the senses are involved, the students will retain knowledge easier and more effectively. 2 Aesthetics and Comprehension Teaching aesthetics lends itself to service of process students understand their world and the various environments in which they live. They le arn different subjects at school in a variety of shipway. As an example, teaching science through the use of actual things children can explore in the classroom gives them a better comprehension of science. Growing things from seeds to a plant or giving them the opportunity to recycle various objects that are used in the classroom can strengthen their understanding of ecology. Children involve hands on opportunities to understand attainment better. During reading, students who learn to act out a variety of scenes that they are reading about and who are able to describe the story in their own words, have a deeper opportunity to comprehend the story. Using picture boards or interactive whiteboards can help children translate the stores from superstar medium to another as suggested by the comprehension question. They can also learn to retell the story in their own words or to tell different stores based on what they learned in this area. 2 Aesthetics and Application When children ar e learning, they must not only learn material but they must also have a way to apply what they learn. If they cannot apply it to some form of their life, the learning is meaningless. The area of application focuses on problem solving and allowing students to find their own way with some prompting. Aesthetics can play a part in this area as well. As an example, children enjoy doing puzzles of any kind and figuring out what is at the end of the puzzle. There are a variety of ways that puzzles can be used for problem solving. Mathematics is one area where aesthetics can be shown while children are learning how to understand formulas. Formulas go beyond the simple aspects of adding apples and oranges

A Need to Extend the Social Responsibility to Modern Business Dissertation

A Need to Extend the Social Responsibility to Modern condescension - Dissertation ExampleRoyal Dutch tick plc (shell) is Royal Dutch Shell plc is engaged in all(a) principal aspects of the oil and natural gas industry, and also has interests in chemicals and additional interests in federal agency generation and renewable energy. The Company operates in five segments Exploration & Production, which searches for and recovers oil and natural gas approximately the world Gas & Power, which liquefies and transports natural gas, and develops natural gas markets and related infrastructure Oil Products, which include all of the activities necessary to transform crude oil into petroleum products Chemicals, which produces and sells petrochemicals to industrial customers globally, and Other Industry Segments and incorporate, which include Renewables and Hydrogen.Shell is a global group of energy and petrochemical companies, operating in more than 140 countries and territories, employing mor e than 109,000 people. (www.Shell.com)In order to alleviate the fears and doubts from the minds of the people of various strata, the Researcher has undertaken the assignment on behalf of the Company to make a comprehensive report on the compliance or otherwise by the Company, of its Social and Environmental Commitments globally by adopting a suitable research method and analysis.Before commencing the research analysis into the concept of Corporate Social Responsibility we need to have a basic understanding of the concept, the purpose of our study of this concept, the meditation which this paper aims to analyse followed by a literary review.

The Adventist Church National City Concert Report Research Paper

The Adventist Church National City Concert Report - Research idea ExampleThe project was governed by a program, which, in my view, presented the event as become the most enkindle. thither were various items on the program, but were all characterized by intercessions of songs and plays. In particular, a story was told before a song followed. In my view, this aspect of intercession was meant to address audience boredom hence, making the concert to be particularly interesting.Perhaps, one of the unique aspects of the concert was that its program featured a Midsummer nights dream, which was recited production by F.Mendelssohn, which was based on the Shakespearean play. In this regard, there might as well as flip been no interesting bit of the concert other than the music brought with it the history live on stage. The concert was attended by many people across various groups, including the interested locals and the tourists. The Midsummer night dreaming featured Grossmont Symphony O rchestra, as well as the women of the Grossmont Master Chorale. Randal Tweed was the music director, but also featured Darron Devillez, Bonin Zackary, Albert Bolina, Andra Nagby, Denise MaMillan, as some main actors, actress and soprano team. These are the figures the figures that are argued as the Most-attend-when-playing. Another interesting bit in the concert presentation is the fact that customs were highly highlighted. The presentation was that which took the audience to the demeanor in the medieval societies, documenting the differences in the customs in the current world and the gone days.

Cross Cultural Communication and Business Management Term Paper

Cross Cultural Communication and Business Management - depot Paper ExampleWhen manages successfully, it brings economic benefits. For organizations that send managing directors on foreign assignments. The cost can be high, as those managers need to adjust to their new environment. Cross-cultural effective communication is useful and worthy which can hatful with conflicts that arise within multicultural. What would the ideal manager of international operations look like The ideal manager would have a very good command of several languages and knowledge of and sympathy for several cultures ( Hedlund 1986 31 ). Some authors argue that these managers must become cosmopolitans, to grow beyond cultural limitations ( Harris and Moran 2000). To be cosmopolitan, correspond to Websters Third New International Dictionary, a manager must be marked by interestingness in, familiarity with, or knowledge and appreciation of many parts of the world not provincial, local, limited, or restricted b y the attitudes, interests, or loyalties of a single region, section, or sphere of activity worldwide rather than regional, parochial, or narrow. As if this were not asking enough of an international manager, Harris and Moran also distinguish between cosmopolitans and global managers. Global managers atomic number 18 cosmopolitans who have an additional facility for making appropriate business decisions anywhere that they operate. Given the near impossible action of either finding or developing such a manager, is it any wonder that we encounter firms of each types and classes making costly blunders in their foreign operations Business people today face an change magnitude range of culturally diverse situations. To ensure success in business, many organizations are using cross-cultural communication to improve their managers cross-cultural effectiveness and enhance their communication skills. In a diverse workplace, in that location are many cultures collide. Many culture norms influence a managers behavior and subsequent reactions (Gardenswartz L. and Rowe A., 2001).

Philadelphia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Philadelphia - Essay ExampleDuring the Gettysburg Campaign of 1863, numerous other battles were fought in Pennsylvania. A cavalry raid 1864 ended with the flattening of Chambersburg. The participator States Army occupied the city of York, which was the largest city in the North they had occupied. Pennsylvania also contributed quite a number of generals and politicians during the war some of them include George G. Meade who was the captain of Gettysburg, Winfield S. Hancock, Simon Cameron John F. Reynolds and Thaddeus Stevens who among the Radical Republi flush toilets was prominent and outspoken(Wikipedia, n.d., para. 4).Ways in which the commemoration of the civil war can be carried out would be at the Gettysburg National Military Park. Here there can be rangers to distributor point a living history camp with demonstrations and programs for adults and children. There can be battalions of both Union and Confederate forces complete with artillery. Re-enactors can gather so as to re flect the actual history with all the features such as battle re-enactments, demonstrations and encampments, civilian interpreters and horses and cannons. one event that could be a highlight of the event would be a ceremony to commemorate the Gettysburg Address by Abraham Lincolnat the Soldiers National Cemetery.There can be events at Harrisburg which is just a short stretch from Gettysburg where we have The State Museum of Pennsylvania. This contains collections which in front had been displayed at the courtly state of war Road-show that has now been retired. Also contained in the museum is the infamous epic painting by Peter Frederick Rothermel Battle of Gettysburg Pickets Charge. It also contains a collection of swords used during the Civil War acquired recently which are objects linked with The United States Colored Troops (Klein, 1980). The National Civil War Museum, also located in Philadelphia, contains rare artefacts and archived pieces from the South and North with rece nt sesquicentennial

Reflection 5 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Reflection 5 - Essay ExampleAll these principles are meaningful to me in the sense that I can lend oneself these in guiding me on how to become a better leader someday. To integrate these seven (7) principles in daily living, I need to make it a habit to practice show more assertion by beingness optimistic in life. It is equally important to be compassionate and build industrial-strength relationship with former(a) people. To practice of veracious moral reasoning, it is important to think first before reservation an action. For reinforcement, listening to what other people see me could help me realize how I can tho alter myself as a leader.After discussing my life story over the past several weeks, I managed to butt against my life story as something that can give me a positive hope and desire to further enhancing my existing leadership skills. Based on the previous exercises, I realized that our past experiences can be mathematical functiond as a benchmark in determining h ow each individual can ready themselves into a better and more effective leader. By learning from our previous mistakes, it is easier for us to avoid committing the akin errors in our future encounter with other people. It will also give us a good insight on what a good leader should be.Being an optimistic person, I prefer to use some of my previous life story in an entirely new perspective. For example, being a giving person, I used to treat my colleagues for snacks just to get them to listen and support me with whatever I offer to accomplish in life. After going through a series of reflection, I realized that being generous is not the only way to win the support of other people. In fact, the use of make a motion and positive praises can even be more effective in terms of motivating other people to support my desires and goals in life.Internal motivators include expanding my knowledge, improving ones own nature by being physically and mentally fit, further improvement in comm unication and interpersonal skills,

Nursing and the healthcare skills and qualifications Essay

Nursing and the healthcare skills and qualifications - Essay Exampleient care and persevering role needs in such a way that it shows the respect of the healthcare provider for the personal, social, and political beliefs of the patient. By doing so, the healthcare provider will be able to administer the proper healthcare services to the patient and also earn the patients trust and loyalty due to the respect that has been shown for his or her beliefs in life.It is important to have in mind that a suckle must first and foremost, be conscious of the people around her and the patient. Being on the front line of patient care, a keep back will often find himself or herself outlay more time speaking to the patient and his family members than the primary care physician ever will. As such, the nurse is in a unique position to facilitate the speedy recovery of the patient and also serve up ease the anxiety of the family. Oftentimes, the family members and patients will be anxious, afraid, embarrassed or distressed about their health situation, so they need a professional who can show them the respect, sensitivity,and empathy that they require throughout the time of the patient in the hospital. By doing so, the nurse will be able to help ease the psychological stress that everyone in the family is undergoing.Basically, being a nurse is a social job. It requires the nurse to be able to communicate efficaciously with family members. Putting them at ease whenever necessary and ensuring that she or he can help bridge the confabulation gap that often transpires between the patient, family members, and the doctor in charge. Sometimes, it is a thankless job, but the reward for the nurse comes at the end when the patient gets better and finally goes home to his family.Keep in mind that modern font day nurses now hold a position of importance in the patient care fellowship that rivals that of the doctors. The evolution of the job description has changed so much since the t ime of Florence Nightingale that nurses today no eternal just sit by the sidelines, awaiting

Before & After impleneting ERP ( microsoft dynamics GP ) in our Essay

Before & After impleneting ERP ( microsoft dynamics GP ) in our connection - Essay ExampleThe company is located at Abu Dhabi employing 500 employees and utilizing the energy resources for the betterment of the people. The bearing of the paper is to study the reasons behind the implementation of the ERP software and its impact forwards and after on the company to increase its efficiency (Zykov, n.d.).ERP software system is preferred by the company because it enables the reduction of costs. A hearty developed ERP solution results in improved operations and so increases profit margin of the company. Various functions of an governing body that is planning, finance, human resources, and many more utilizes the software package for keep oning the essential records of the company. In this regard, it is essential to state that before the implementation of ERP, each subdivision maintained its own software system and so the departments were unable to maintain its information records in effect(p)ly. Moreover, the chances exists that the differences in the information may create disturbances in the decision making process. Therefore, the operations without appropriate planning were causing issues in the effective performances of the business. Moreover, the process of effective decision making was causing issues for the egress of the company. Also before the implementation of ERP every department maintained an isolated software system and so this resulted in lower productivity and the performance of the employees also reduces. This leads to the overall loss of the organization. All these problems hampered the communication track down of the organization and its effective planning process which implied less cleared objective among the personnels. This created problems for the finance department of the organization as the heads were unable to coordinate with the team members and it directly slowed down the purchase process. Therefore, implementing an ERP system was an effective decision taken by

Distinctions between male and female serial killers Assignment

Distinctions amidst manlike and pistillate in series(p) killers - Assignment ExampleTo date, there is scanty data on the female serial killers and how the differ from male serial killers (Wolfgang, 2007).By definition, a serial killer is anyone who has killed at to the lowest degree three people over time in separate incidents and in a civilian context. This means, the cleansing done by terrorists or military personnel in their duty does not constitute serial killer but rather that health care worker or parent who kills their victims. At first, it is sonorous to draw a line between the male and female serial killer but a closer look shows some difference between these two groups.In contrast to female pattern serial killer, the profiles of the male who kill have been studied extensively. Some of the early researchers such as Guttmacher & Wolfgang (1960) cogitate that most serial killers were typically black who mostly killed in response to some argument or physical confrontat ion. The most male serial killer has tended to kill outside their homes perhaps in a bar or the streets and wasting diseased knives and guns to overcome their victims. The victim of the women, seem a little different. Unlike male serial killer, most of the women serial killer victims are family members, friends or acquaintances.Male serial killers have tended to cut back damages in addition to causing death to their victims and engage in some form of twirl before they kill their victim. They have shown some tendency to engagement hands-on skills when killing their victims using discourteous objects, knives, and hands as while of the processing of killing the victim and power domination as part of the motivation behind killing. This is very unlike female serial killers. The female serial killers never use force or power to overcome their victims. Mostly, the known female serial killers have been known to eat up their victim using poisons such paralyze their victims (Keeney & H eide, 2004).Male serial killers have also been identified to use stalking behaviors whereby the trail their victims keenly observing

Exam two Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Exam two - Case Study fashion modelIt is essential to none that the authors have provided the basic building blocks for management theories and their ideas are effective even without delay and this is clear from the examples like United Parcel Services which implements the ideas of the authors. The ideas form a basis for building the might on automation, computerization and also scientific management principles and for relatively larger organizations ideas like the fixed hierarchy of authority, and atom of labor and defined regulations still hold good in the current work environments. thence these theories are truly effective.i) Centralized approach In terms of the centralized approach, there decision make is strong, authoritarian and in a number of cases this is also charismatic. Also here all the controls follow the top-down method hence making the execution decisive and coordinated along with being really strong as well. This method is also helpful in dealing with major issues and changes (Schermerhorn, Hunt and Osborn). However this force out prove to be a disadvantage as well as the top management result not always have a clear picture of the events and working conditions in different locations and this deal hence lead to issues as well.ii) Decentralized Approach On the other hand considering the decentralized approach, it is essential to note that this method uses a bottom up approach and concentrates on the culture and also education dynamics (Ricky W Griffin). This method is also based on democratic and participative decision making which is very useful as it deals with all issues and tasks at hand locally without the interference of any management which is not present in the place. The decentralized business approach used in companies extends possible business opportunities for the broad(a) business in terms of product improvement, design, research and expansion. The drawback of using this method is that it can lead to the division of

University education free of charge Essay Example for Free

University breeding free of charge actA cliche states that if you think preparation is expensive, try ignorance. The suggestion of free education is a baronial policy that has more demerits than merits. A policy of free education creates at least three problems. These be backing, moral hazards and limiting the roles of universities.A policy of free education for all students creates a problem of funding for universities. This is especially true in the current economic climate. The government activity cannot afford to soley fund universities. Thus, free education creates more economic problems for the government. For instance, if a state like California adopts such a policy for Californias mankind universities, a substianial part of government revenue would go into funding universities leaving little room for the government to undertake other services.Second, a policy of free education creates a moral hazard because students get under ones skin no incentive to expend in their education. Individuals are more likely to commit to something that requires some resign on their part. Free education demands no sacrifice. Factors such as loans and family sponsorship encourage a student to invest his education by learning because there is some one they are answerable to. However, if free education is provided to all students without any conditions, the policy would be abused. Some students may choose not to attend classes for example.Third, a policy of free education limits the role of universities as citadels of knowledge especially in the area of research. Universities sustain funds and grants to undertake resarch and development from the government and private sector. Howver, if free education is provided for all students at the 3rd level, research may be limited because funds received may likely go to smash-up costs such as maintenance of infrastructure and salaries.Nevertheless, the importance of education at all levels cannot be understated. The r ecommendation that free education should be provided for all students has a merit because education has positive consequences for a society. Holding all other factors constant, an educated society should be a prosperous and well developed one. Thus, a government may benefit fromimplementing a policy of free education at the ordinal level. This is because all things being equal, the students would contribute towards the development of the society. Thus, a policy of free education may be adopted for deserving students or on a needs basis with conditions such as having a certain GPA and public service attached to it.

The novel Frankenstein Essay Example for Free

The clean Frankenstein EssayI have tardily been so deeply engaged in one occupation that I have non allowed myself able rest he becomes run down, I think this has a small impact on the novel as a whole moreover it has a big impact on chapter five, it shows that he is truly stressed about the whereabouts of the monster, but one thing we must take into consideration is the fact that lord Frankenstein exaggerates things, we know this from him thinking he is the victim I take flight and ran down the stairs, so he capacity be making his illness be dramatic then it really is. In chapter five we hazard out about Victor Frankensteins personality. Everyone is prejudice because everyone judges nation before they know them. Its an instinctive reply and isnt dangerous unless you stick to your prime(prenominal) judgement and that turns into discrimination. When Victor Frankenstein says, His features argon beautiful, beautiful? Great God it shows how fiddling he is, nevertheless , more importantly it demonstrates how emotionally un level-headed he is. Victor Frankenstein is a very intelligent man, academically.He is a scientist, one that has created life you might even call him a genius. Emotionally he is a wreck. He says the secrets of heaven and hell this is his motivation, what he wants to find out. He wants to be God and he wants to play with the lives of others, is this a sane mans aspiration? Another way to prove this arrogance is when he says so deserving of my love. He truly believes Frankenstein the monster needs his love to survive, when he is incapable of loving anyone but himself.It is clear Victor Frankenstein sees himself as the victim but I escaped and ran down the stairs escaped from what? Frankenstein the monster was not trying to scare him or kill him, purely seeking the love he needs but Victor Frankenstein is so self obsessed he wants Frankenstein the monster to come aft(prenominal) him so he can write about how he is so hard done by an d how the world is out to get him. Victor Frankenstein is selfish and self obsessed, this is clear by the repetition of the first person pronoun I and me, the language used here illustrates how solipsistic he is.The language in chapter five helps us build up an idea of the setting. Dreary night of November this is in the first sentence of chapter five, and it prepares us for a gothic/horror genre. The pathetic fallacy used is an insight to Victor Frankensteins feelings he is dreary want the surroundings. The pelting pattered candle nearly burnt out Again pathetic fallacy shows Victor Frankensteins feelings and the pattered rain could link to his mental instability pattered isnt clear, just like his own thoughts. Candles produce light, and light symbolises the truth.The light is animated out this could be death of a life and abuse of knowledge. Frankenstein the monster is about to be created, so this is a contrast in imagery, a burning out candle represents death, but a modern lif e is being created. A key theme in this novel is the role of women. The function of women is excess with the new way of making life. I embrace her dead mother in my arms all in all the women in the novel die, and bloody shame Shelly didnt put her name on the novel until thirteen years afterward publication this is because of the prejudice women had in the 19th centaury.Another key theme is science, and science vs. religion. good deal were spell-bound in bringing the dead to life, and Victor Frankenstein portrays this in saying I shall saliate my ardent curiosity People were extremely religious and the thought of bringing the dead back, and digging up graveyards was unacceptable to the church, and it brought up object lesson issues like is there a god? Because if man can create something that god can, are we not all equal? I have learnt that the 19th century was filled with prejudice and also inquisitiveness about the after life and science.Religion played an immense role in t he way people lived, all of this is reflected in the novel and we see Victor Frankenstein break the rules of society and change the roles of women so they are no longer needed. Rachel Benton 11y 31/01/06 Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This scholar written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Mary Shelley section.

Compare and contrast Essay Example for Free

equation and contrast EssayIn this coursework I will be examining 3 opposite newspaper phrases somewhat the famous raise up between frank Bruno and Tim Witherspoon. All 3 words were published the morning after the tug so none of them would have had the hindsight of what the others had verbalize. The articles are A Brave Bruno Fails from The lede, Bruno left In A eat up matter from The withstander and Fans Hail Bruno As Title Bid Fails from The Daily post. There are 2 different types of newspaper these are tabloid and broadsheet. Broadsheet newspapers have an average reading age of roughly 14 whereas the average reading age of tabloids is only 7-8.From the 3 newspapers The Daily billet and The principal are tabloids whereas The Guardian is a Broadsheet. The way the articles start and finish is important. In The Star the first paragraph is a wizard long sentence. This isnt something you would digest from a tabloid. The Guardian also has one long sentence for the first paragraph. This is something you would expect much from the Guardian, as it is a Broadsheet. The first paragraph in The Daily Mail is split into more(prenominal) than one sentence, something you expect more from a tabloid. The way the 3 articles end is also interesting.The Star ends truly complimentary of Frank Bruno. It says how he showed attitude and courage, how he had a heart of a lion. It ends on a triumphant none, verbalise that Bruno has non deep in thought(p) everything. The Guardian ends with some quotes from Frank Witherspoon. He is being a good sportsman, saying how Bruno could come back again if he wanted to. It also says I said those rippling muscles of his were no good. This is probably what Frank Witherspoon said earlier the fight. Before a fight both(prenominal) the fighters would have been insulting the other persons fighting, trying to psyche themselves up and put down their opponents.This is what Witherspoon was saying before the fight, around Br unos muscles. Now the fight has finished and he has won he is being nice and saying that he didnt mean it. The Guardian also ends on a high note. This is the person that has just trounce Bruno saying that he could come back. This is a good point for whole fans of frank Bruno. The Daily Mail finishes by giving details about the end of the fight. It tells us how Frank Brunos manager, Terry Lawless, threw in the towel. This signifies the ends of a boxing fight. This article ends on a slightly negative note.Frank Bruno has lost the fight and the monster claim stays in American hands. The general mood in each article is different. The Star article is slightly triumphant. Words same(p) strength and courage are used. There is even a feeling of splendour when majestic speech such as conquering and king are used. It is not all happy though, at that place is a slight sign of sadness, using words care compassion and sadly. The Guardian article is disappointed. It starts being not very nice about Bruno, wondering whether he was piece for the fight.At the end it starts with a glimmer of hope, with Witherspoon saying how Bruno could come back if he wanted. The Daily Mail article has a very hopeful mood. It goes on about how Bruno may have lost the fight but he grew in status and has earned everyones respect. The fans have not turned against him and sang Frankie, we get it on you. Even after he had lost they still making loved him. The article has an encouraging mood, all is not lost. The 3 articles, although they are all about the same event, concentrate on different aspects of it. The Star article concentrates almost entirely on Frank Bruno himself.The first column is all about a intercourse taking place between Bruno and his manager. His opponent Witherspoon isnt mentioned until the bottom of the first column. He is harbourn only 1 paragraph out of the first 6. After this he is not mentioned for the rest of the article. It does mention how the heavyweight ti tle remains in American hands as Witherspoon won, but this only mentions the country. That is at the top of the blink of an eye column and after this the rest of the column is back to Bruno. The Daily Mail gives a very detailed definition of the actual fight.There are also a round of exact figures given. There is a 42,000 crowd paid more than i 2 million. The other articles tend to generalise or guess, The Star calls it the nations, and The Guardian calls it thousands. The majority of the article is taken up by the description of the fight. The amount of detail that goes into the description means you can visualise parts of the fight actually happening. It tells us all about how the give out began to go out of his punches, and how he shook Witherspoon with good punches. The Star has a lot to say about the fans admiration of Frank Bruno.It turns the 42,000 crowd mentioned in The Daily Mail article into the whole of England. It talks about the nations longing to jut out a Briton crowned king. It makes it all very majestic using words like king, turning the boxing fight into a very important event. The Daily Mail has a lot to say about Brunos fans as well. It mentions the 42,000 crowd. It is also the only newspaper to mention money, when it mentions the i 2 million that fans spent on watching Bruno. It goes on to say how much the fans loved Bruno, They sang Frankie, we love you in a demonstration which came from the heart. The Star has a very good attitude towards Bruno. You can see this from the title where it calls Bruno brave. The article mentions the theme tune from the Muhammad Ali film. The haunting theme tune from The Greatest Story incessantly Told. This is like The Star is comparing Bruno to Ali. Ali was one the greatest meat packer ever so to compare Bruno to him is a very big compliment. It is also saying that Brunos story is also a great story like Muhammad Alis was. The fact that Tim Witherspoon is only mentioned once in the article tells us that The Star doesnt care about him at all, only about Bruno.They dont care that he won the fight they believe Bruno is the better. Nearer the end of the article there is a sentence in italics. only dont feel guilty Frank, we told him. This is the paper talking to Frank Bruno. The we is referring to The Star. They are telling him not to feel bad that he lost. It then continues to say how he showed strength courage showed the world one Briton with the heart of a lion. This is very complimentary to Bruno, saying he has the heart of a lion is saying he is extremely brave. In The Star article there is a bit where Brunos own words are included.This makes us feel that we are getting airless and personal to Bruno. We are getting to know him better. The Guardian is not as nice about Bruno. It says how the rigidity and stiffness of Brunos boxing contrasted with the swinging street-corner style of the man from Philadelphia. It doesnt think that Bruno was a very good boxer at all it even prefers Witherspoon a bit. It goes on to say that Brunos fighting proved to be no more than rough drawing material. They are saying that Bruno wasnt ready for the fight. It is as if all of his fighting has been taught to him from a drawing board in a gym somewhere.None of it comes naturally to him. This is mentioned in another articles as well. In The Daily Mail it says the manufacturing of Bruno was incomplete. The Guardian journalist goes on to give Bruno some advice about the fight. Bruno ought to have produced more sweeping moves across the ring This is what The Guardian journalist thinks Bruno should have done. This is only with hindsight that he is able to give this advice though Witherspoon has already won the match. The Guardian doesnt really compliment Bruno at all. It does say how he held all the aces when it came to reach. The other time it could be interpreted as a compliment in the first paragraph. It says Bruno was like an intrepid explorer trekking the icy waste. S omeone who is an intrepid explorer is very brave and fearless. The icy waste is Tim Witherspoon. It is saying that in his fight against Witherspoon Bruno was very brave. In this extended metaphor it goes on to say, suddenly he slipped into a crevasse. The crevasse is his loss against Witherspoon. The Daily Mail has quite a good attitude towards Bruno. It is a lot better than the attitude from The Guardian.It opens with the sentence The only thing Frank Bruno lost at Wembley in the early on hours of yesterday was a fight. This means that he grew in status even though he lost the fight he has gained a lot of peoples respect. It goes on to say how he grew also in the nub of the fans. All of this means the newspaper thinks he fought well. We can see that the newspaper likes Bruno when it continues to say he gave the end ounces of his heart and guts and showed ability enough to suggest a long way into the fight that he had a real winning chance. They are being very kind about Brunos fighting style. But even though they say these things they also mention how the manufacturing of Bruno was incomplete. So The Daily Mail also thinks that Bruno was not ready for the fight. This is backed up earlier in the article when it says how it was a classic clash of pass Fighter and Gym Fighter. This means that Witherspoon is a natural street fighter but Bruno is not, he has been taught everything in a gym.

Paul Joseph Goebbels Essay Example for Free

capital of Minnesota Joseph Goebbels EssayPaul Joseph Goebbels (29 October 1897 1 May 1945) was a German politician and Reich Minister of Propaganda in Nazi Germany from 1933 to 1945. As bingle of Adolf Hitlers closest associates and most devout followers, he was known for his zealous oratory and anti-Semitism. He played a hand in the Kristallnacht attack on the German Jews, which many historians consider to be the beginning of the lowest Solution, leading to the Holocaust.Goebbels earned a Ph.D. from Heidelberg University in 1921, writing his doctoral thesis on 19th deoxycytidine monophosphate romantic drama he then went on to work as a journalist and later(prenominal) a bank clerk and caller on the stock exchange. He also wrote novels and plays, moreover they were spurned by publishers. Goebbels came into contact with the Nazi Party in 1923 during the French occupation of the Ruhr and became a member in 1924. He was appointed Gauleiter (regional party leader) of Berlin. In this position, he put his propaganda skills to full use, combating the local socialist and communistic parties with the help of Nazi papers and the paramilitary Stormtroopers, aka, Brownshirts, SA. By 1928, he had risen in the party ranks to fit one of its most prominent members. Goebbels rose to power in 1933 along with Hitler and the Nazi Party and he was appointed Propaganda Minister. One of his first acts was the burning of books rejected by the Nazis. He exerted totalitarian control all over the media, arts and information in Germany.From the beginning of his tenure, Goebbels organized attacks on German Jews, commencing with the one-day boycott of Jewish businessmen, doctors, and lawyers on April 1, 1933. His attacks on the Jewish population culminated in the Kristallnacht assault of 1938, an open and unrestrained pogrom unleashed by the Nazis all crosswise Germany, in which scores of synagogues were burned and hundreds of Jews were assaulted and murdered. Further, he pro duced a series of anti-Semitic films. Goebbels used modern propaganda techniques to psychologically prepare the German people for aggressive warfare.During World War II, Goebbels increased his power and influence with shifting alliances with other Nazi leaders. By late 1943, the tide of the war was turning against the Axis powers, but this only spurred Goebbels to intensify the propaganda by urging the Germans to accept the idea of total war and mobilization. Goebbels remained with Hitler in Berlin to the subvert just hours after Hitlers suicide, Goebbels and his wife Magda killed their six young children and then committed suicide.

The Green Mile Essay Example for Free

The greenish Mile EssayThe Green Mile was a novel written by Stephen King in 1996. The story takes place in 1932 on the E Block or otherwise known as death row in Cold Mountain Penitentiary somewhere in Georgia. It is narrated by the main character, capital of Minnesota, who is the captain of the prison guards who administrate the E Block. The Green Mile is the hallway between the cells of the cell block that leads to the implementation room. The corridor is covered in green linoleum, hence, the last or green mile the inmates take to their death. The story follows John Coffey, a large, wispy inmate convicted of raping and murdering two young whiteness girls, and the other two inmates on death row, along with the guards who jibe over them. Coffey is special, as capital of Minnesota discovers, and he has magical healing abilities that become clear. The second of three inmates, Eduard Delacroix befriends a small white mouse, who he names Mr. Jingles, and Coffey heals the mouse when the young and reckless guard Percy Wetmore tried to overcome it.Coffey also heals Pauls urinary tract infection, and later, Paul temporarily breaks him out of the prison to heal the wardens wifes hotshot tumor. Coffey transfers this brain disease to Wetmore, the cruel guard who the inmates and staff dislike. Wetmore never recovers and spends the rest of his life in a intellectual institution. Eventually, Paul discovers that Coffey is extraordinary in manhoody areas. It turns out he did not murder the two girls, some other inmate (William Wharton) or as the inmates call him Wild Bill had murdered the girls.Coffey doesnt want to be pardoned, and dies in the electric chair because he can no longer cope with the vicious rhythm method of real life. After his death, Paul discovers that each of the people Coffey has healed live unusually long lives. Paul is 108 at the end of the book, and Mr. Jingles is 64. They have no idea how long they will live, and then the novel ends. Char acters Paul Edgecombe Paul is the main character. A prison guard, by the end of the story he is an old man narrating this part of his life to a friend who is writing his memoir.John Coffey A nearly 7-foot-tall black man, a convicted murderer awaiting his death sentence on death row in the prison. He befriends a white mouse and heals people of their diseases. Percy Wetmore A sadistic prison guard who everyone dislikes. He torments the prisoners, tries to kill Mr. Jingles, the mouse, and deliberately botches an execution where the inmate suffers terribly. He keeps his job because he is related to the governor. Eduard Delacroix A Cajun man convicted of arson, he is essentially a coward. He is the man who dies a horrible death at the hands of Wetmore.William Wharton Another convict, it turns out he is the one who actually committed the murder attributed to John Coffey. He is wild and frightening, and attempts to disrupt the prison as much as he can before he dies. Mr. Jingles The white mouse that lives to be 64. general the novel is a timeless classic, was definitely filled with information that the movie obviously doesnt have. though the movie was also amazing and was nominated for 4 Oscars. It displayed great screenplays from Tom Hanks to Michael Clarke Duncan.

Stay Healthy During Examinations Essay Example for Free

Stay Healthy During Examinations evidenceIntroductionI. When the final exams, many student will push themselves to study and do non safekeeping about their surroundings. II. This means infinite hours of studying, insufficient amounts of slumber, and irregular food and exercise. The end result problems ar occurs, high up sickness rates amongst college students. III. Staying illness-free during the final exam season is not easy feat, merely is vital in order to maximize performance. IV. Today I will to introduce you to three ways how to keep salutary during exam Comfortable place, meter and body, have a healthy eat, and have becoming sleep and rest. (Transition allows start by looking at cosy place, time and body.)BodyI. A comfortable place, time and body can sustain you to focus and can avoid stress when you are studying. A. even off a study time table and follow it. i. Set aside time for friends, family and other activities but you must have your sustain time ta ble. ii. You must know what you must to do during your weekdays and weekends. Make reliable not wasting your time. B. Besides that, have a study space will help you a lot.i. Find somewhere that you are able to go and do your assignment and study in rest and quiet. ii. Find somewhere space you will comfortable with it, because some students have their own ways. C. Take your own sacrifice and not push yourself.i. It possible if you are can study without taking some break to release your tension and relaxed your mind. ii. The reason for that is to give your mind a rest and peace.(Transition Like comfortable place, time and body, keep healthy eat are also the way to stay healthy during examination.)II. Besides that, you must keep your healthy diet during examinations. You must take some food even though you are do not have enough time. A. Find and eat healthy food. i. Find something that can help your brain more dynamic and developed your good memories. ii. Take time away from study to eat, and stupefy your healthy first. B. Be active and do not pressure your brain.i. Go out and do something active, much(prenominal) as go walk, jog or a run. It is can make your brain more active and release your tension. ii. If your mental are healthy, it will lead your mind in peace.(Transition Now that we have looked at comfortable place, time and body and keep healthy eat, lets turn to have enough sleep and rest.III. Make sure that you get an enough sleep time and rest during in examinations week. A. eternal rest time is more important because it will help your body and brain rest. i. Nowadays, many students do not care about their sleep time. Almost all students like to stay up during a night. ii. Without sleep you will be tired, irritable and cranky. B. Cut down the caffein.i. It means that, many students like to take caffeine to prevent them from sleepy and want to stay up during a night. ii. It also disrupts your sleep patterns.ConclusionI. As we have seen, health i s more important to us and we must keep our healthy with a reliable ways. II. I have focused on comfortable place, time and body, have a healthy diet and have an enough sleep and rest. III. Make sure that, you as a student have be healthy during your exam. You just wasted your time if you not keep your body health.BibliographyLinda Formichelli (2012). Expert strategies for staying healthy at college. Retrieved January 26, 2013, from http//www.webmd.com/fitness-exercise/features/expert-strategies-staying-healthy-at-collegeTasha Giuda (2011, December 14). Top tips to stay healthy during exam season. Retrieved January 26, 2013, from http//www.foxnews.com/fncu/current-interns/blog/2011/12/14/top-tips-stay-healthy-during-exam-seasonSiobhan (2012, October 25). Staying healthy during exams. Retrieved January 26, 2013, from http//siobhanb.blogspot.com/2012/09/staying-health-during-exams.html

Freud’s Theory of Psychosexual Development Essay Example for Free

Freuds Theory of Psychosexual Develop manpowert renderSigmund Freud, born in 1856 was an Austrian neurologist who would later go on to found the discipline of psychoanalysis. He is best kn give birth for his theories of the unconscious mind and repression and his concept of the dynamic unconscious suggesting that it is our unconscious mind that determines how we as privates be bewilder come in, Freud similarly believed that the unconscious mind established sexual drives as the dominant motivation of human life. He considered the unconscious mind as creation the source of mental energy which determined behaviour, basing his findings on the results of his economic consumption of hypnosis w present he found that he was able to produce and remove symptoms of hysteria. There sire been numerous approaches in the field of psychology that have put forward the belief that behaviour is directed by an individuals goals further the idea behind a goal-directed unconscious is an origi nal Freudian concept. The important underlying belief of this theory is that any individuals behaviour is the direct result of the influences that prior experiences have had on them where these influences have an tear down heavy(p)er effect if they argon from our infanthood. Freud believed that our early experiences relieve oneselfed the solid foundations on which we would shew the structure of our life and that the adult personality is indeed formed in puerility according to the situations, interposition and feelings experient as a child.Freud defined the human psyche as comprising of trine parts, the unconscious or sub-conscious containing material that we are unable to bring into our conscious awareness and therefore unknowable. The preconscious which consists of culture that is not at the generate moment in our conscious awareness hardly is stored in our memory and can if select be easily recalled to the conscious level and the conscious part of our mind which is where all current and freshly incoming content is processed. Within these parts operate the Id, the ego and the Super Ego that work unneurotic to create complex human behaviours. The Id is the only part of our personality that is bequest from put up and is entirely unconscious, want instant enjoyment and fulfilling instinctive human inevitably. The Id is governed by the pleasure principle desiring the fulfilment of all desires, needs and wants. If these are not immediately satisfied this results in a state of anxiety or tension.The Id serves of bang-up importance early on in life, a child forget cry as aresult of their Id if they are hungry or in dis harbor and ensures that their needs are met. Later on in life it is not al expressive modalitys realistic or indeed possible to immediately play such needs, it would be morally and socially unacceptable for us to just help ourselves to other hoi pollois things in order to satisfy our own needs and wants and so later in chi ldhood our Ego comes in to play. The Ego is responsible for aiming with reality and acts to ensure that the impulses of the Id are satisfied in a way that is acceptable to the real world and functions in the conscious, preconscious and unconscious parts of our mind. The reality principle weighs up the pros and cons of an achieve before deciding whether or not to act upon the impulse. a lot the impulses of the Id can be satisfied but through delayed gratification with the Ego allowing the behaviour at an appropriate duration and built in bed. The Ego is a part of the Id that has been somewhat modified and rounded by outdoor(a) factors in the environment in which we live.Freud earlier used the word Ego to mean a sense of self but later revise it to represent a set of psychic functions such as judgement, control, intellectual functioning and memory. Finally we go our Super Ego. The Super Ego is the part of our personality that adopts our morals and ideals that we have acquired from our parents and environment and acts as a voice for right and wrong. As with the Ego it is present in the conscious, preconscious and unconscious parts of our mind. The Super Ego consists of two parts, the Ego ideal which sets out the rules and standards for good behaviour. Conformity to behaviours that are approved of by our parents and people in positions of authority give us feelings of pride and accomplishment. The second part of the Ego is the Conscience which holds information on all the things that are viewed as cosmos bad by our parents and the society in which we live. Behaviours that are forbidden or at the very least frowned upon and fill us with feelings of vice and remorse. The perfection principle of the Super Ego strives to suppress any unacceptable desires of the Id and to make our Ego act upon idealistic kind of than realistic standards.One of Freuds better known theories and likewise one of the most debatable is that of psycho-sexual development. He prop osed that an instinctual libido is present in all of us from birth and develops in five shows. First is the oral level which occurs from birth up until around the age of eighteen months. The main focus here being thegratification and pleasures the baby receives through feeding. Children in this stage place quarrys into their mouths in order to orally explore their environment. At this new-fashioned age the child is entirely dependent on their carers and olibanum develops a sense of trust and comfort in relation to those carers.This stage is dominated by the Id as at this point the Ego and Superego have not yet fully developed and all actions are based on the Pleasure dogma. The key experience for a child in the oral stage of development is weaning, allowing the child to create less dependent on their caretakers. Freud give tongue to that too much or too little gratification may lead to an oral fixation, which Freud claimed could result in them developing a passive, immature , manipulative personality. This fixation could present in an adult as issues with eating, smoking, nail biting and aggression.The second stage of psycho-sexual development is the anal stage taking place between around 18 months to three years old. Freud believed at this stage that the ancient focus of the libido was on controlling bladder and bowel movements. Toilet training is the key experience here which brings into conflict the Id that demands immediate gratification and the Ego that demands delayed gratification. The resulting outcome of this conflict is heavily influenced by the parenting style that a child receives during toilet training. The ideal resolution of this conflict is a gradual adjustment whereby the child adjusts to moderate parental demands, learning the values of physical cleanliness and self control.Freud suggested that if parents over-emphasized toilet training or punished accidents then the child may develop what we term as an anally retentive personality, with the potential to become obsessively concerned with neatness and order. On the other hand if the parents were too lenient then the child may develop an anally expulsive and destructive personality whereby they are self-indulgent, messy and wasteful. Faeces and money are often link up in psychodynamic literature and according to Freudian theory attitudes to money can reveal what the individual experienced during toilet training.The third stage of psycho-sexual development is the phallic stage taking place between the ages of three and six. During this time a child begins to gain awareness of its body and also the bodies of their parents and otherchildren, in token genitalia. They begin to explore their genitals and learn the physical differences between male and female. During this stage boys experience what Freud termed as the Oedipus complex whereby the child wishes to remove his father in order to gain full attention of his obtains affections. This urge to eliminate the fa ther is controlled by what he termed as castration anxiety and so sooner the child learns to imitate the father. Girls experience what Carl Jung in 1913 termed as the Electra complex where instead she wishes to remove the engender in order to gain full possession of her father.Freud however rejected this term as being psycho-analytically inaccurate believing that the reasoning behind the Oedipus complex applied only to male children and that it was wrong to package this analogy between the two sexes. He did however believe that girls experienced what he termed as genus Phallus envy and that initially the child experiences a lot of kindle towards their mother for not sharing the similar appendage as their father but in time they learn to identify with their mother in order to possess their father. Freud was very much influenced by the death of his father in 1896. In the three years following the death of his father, Freud became preoccupied with self-analysis where he realised that he had repressed feelings of anger and resentment against his father. He believed that as a small boy he had been in love with his mother and was jealous of his father. Freud based his theory of early sexual development on personal theory instead of exploring further using empirical methods.The fourth stage of psycho-sexual development is the latency stage taking place from around the age of six up until puberty. During this stage the child enters into a sexually dormant period, consolidating the habits of the introductory three stages. The Ego and Superego take precedence over the Id due to the childs defence mechanisms repressing its instinctual drives during the phallic stage. at one time that gratification is delayed, the child is driven to derive pleasure from external activities such as friendships, education and hobbies. some(prenominal) neuroses established during this fourth stage of psycho-sexual development may be due to the unresolved issues of the Oedipus comple x or the Egos failure to focus on socially acceptable activities.The fifth and final stage of psycho-sexual development is the genital stagethat spans from puberty throughout the remainder of adult life. As with the phallic stage the genital stage is focussed upon genitalia but in this instance the sexuality is consensual and more often involving other adult in the form of a relationship rather than being solitary and infantile. This is due to the giving medication of the Ego which shifts attention away from primary-drive gratification to secondary process thinking and to satisfy desire in a more symbolic and intellectual way through loving relationships, friendships and family. The genital stage is the time when a person is able to resolve any psycho-sexual childhood conflicts that they may have and allows psychological onanism and independence from their parents.In previous stages focus was placed solely on individual needs, now the upbeat of others comes strongly into play an d if all stages have been completed successfully then Freud believed that the individual should be a well-balanced and fully functioning person. Unfortunately it isnt all that simple and the Id, the Ego and the Super Ego forever come into conflict with one another. The Ego has to work to control the demands of the Id whilst at the same time having see to it for the restrictions placed upon it by the Super Ego. At times these desires and constraints cause conflict that our Ego is unable to deal with resulting in anxiety and stress.Freud identified three types of anxiety, firstly neurotic anxiety which occurs through fear that we will lose control of the Ids urges and the resulting punishment for inappropriate behaviour. Secondly reality anxiety which is a fear of external events often culminating in phobias, we are able to reduce such anxiety by avoiding the threatening object or situation. Thirdly is moral anxiety from a fear of violating our own moral principles and values that h ave been set down by our Super Ego. Neurosis also figured heavily in Freuds psycho-analytical theory. He proposed that neurosis occurs when the Ego is unable to deal with desires that produce feelings of guilt and a sense of wrong. Through repression these thoughts unmingled themselves through symptoms that have no physical dysfunction.The mental illness acts as a replacement for the guilt ridden desires of the Id allowing the Ego to avoid the conflict between itself and the Id. Such symptoms however are worse than the conflict they set out to hide, not only stopping the individual from being accepting of their repressed desires butalso causing them to become socially incapable of enjoying a happy and healthy life. He also believed that neurosis can be triggered by a traumatic childhood event that the individual is unable to handle. Often such experiences give rise to feelings of guilt that we seek to repress through use of various transmutation mechanisms. Sometimes these repres sed memories make their way back into our conscious minds in a different form producing a great amount of anxiety in turn triggering psychological disorders that seek to block out the real cause.Psychoanalytical therapy has proved productive in being able to help a invitee uncover unconscious defence mechanisms and help them find better ways of dealing with their anxiety or removing it all together. Psycho-analysis opened up a new view regarding the treatment of mental illness, suggesting that psychological mourning could be reduced through talking somewhat their problems with a therapist. The work of Freud was responsible for bringing about a greater correspondence of behaviour that was unusual and differences were no longer automatically equated as unacceptable, with understanding comes greater tolerance. He radically changed the view of sexuality making it an acceptable topic of conversation and a natural part of a healthy, happy life. The approach is also credited with highl ighting the importance of childhood and our unconscious mind.Despite the influential effect of his theories Freud is open to numerous criticisms. Many psychologists have adopted his ideas but there has been a great deal of modernisation on his original views. Carl Jung who was a pupil of Freuds even disagreed with certain aspects of his theories in particular Freuds reliance on sex as the answer to some problems. Jung went on to develop his own theories known as Analytical Psychology. Erich Fromm rejected Freuds view that the drives of the human being are solely biological, believing instead that it was down to our license of choice and ability to choose our own destiny. He believed any conflict arose as a result of the fear or uncertainty which that freedom entailed. Feminists are particularly critical of the work of Freud due to the sexist nature of many of his ideas.Neo-Freudian Karen Horney proposed that instead of member envy girls in fact developed power envy and that in th eir inability to bearchildren men develop womb and vagina envy. Scientifically the validity of Freuds theory of psycho-sexual development is brought in to question due to his comprehend personal fixation on human sexuality and the phallic stage of development proved controversial for being based upon clinical observations of the Oedipus complex. Many were critical of the fact that a lot of Freuds ideas were based on case studies or clinical observations rather than empirical, scientific research.Contemporary criticism questions the universality of Freuds theory of personality and psycho-sexual development. Anthropologist Bronislaw Malinowski studied the matriarchal society of the Trobriand where young boys are punished by their maternal uncles not their fathers and thus suggested that in this case power is the source of Oedipal conflict not sexual jealousy. Contemporary research has also confirmed that although personality traits corresponding to the oral, anal, phallic, latent and genital stages are observable they are not needfully fixed stages of childhood or indeed adult personality traits that were derived from childhood.While there is no denying that Freud is of great historical significance and he developed many ground breaking theories and ideas some of which still hold relevance today although many over time have been discredited. It must then be said that Freuds theory of psychosexual development may in some cases offer us a limited understanding of a clients issue it would not be ethical radiation diagram to rely entirely on this theory when working with a client. Due to its lack of credibility in many areas, Freuds theory cannot be implemented as a full explanation or means with which to begin the process of understanding and healing.BibliographyFrankland, A. and Sanders, P. 1995. Next steps in counselling. Manchester PCCS Books. pp.70-76Hough, M. 2006. Counselling Skills and Theory. 2nd ed. capital of the United Kingdom Hodder Arnold, pp. 59-86.M alinowski, B. 1927. Sex and repression in savage society. e-book London Routledge and Kegan Paul. http//openlibrary.org/books/OL17967917M/Sex_and_repression_in_savage_society Accessed 1st July 2013.Cherry, K. n.d.. Freuds Stages of Psychosexual Development. online Available at http//psychology.about.com/od/theoriesofpersonality/ss/psychosexualdev.htm Accessed 19 Jun 2013. Copperwiki.org. 1950. Human Centred Psychotherapy CopperWiki. online Available at http//www.copperwiki.org/index.php?title=Human_Centred_Psychotherapy Accessed 01 Jul 2013 En.wikipedia.org. 2013. Psychosexual development Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. online Available at http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychosexual_development Accessed 01 Jul 2013. http//highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/dl/free/0072969806/286620/fei69806_ch02

The pioneer experiences Essay Example for Free

The pioneer experiences EssayThe western migration of the mid-nineteenth century was a time of uncertainty for the States. It was as well as a time of excite manpowert because of the revolutionary adventures that awaited Americans. Although western migration was difficult, more chose to undertake it because they wanted a new life, riches, and a chance to own their own land. There was excessively a religious aspect, as some muckle make a motiond to be missionaries to the essential Americans and to form new churches and religions.The pioneer experiences of work force and women differed in several managements. This is evidenced by the writings of Lydia Allen Rudd and Elizabeth Dixon Smith Geer. Elizabeth talked intimately constant rain and carrying two children through the mud and water. She also talked ab discover looking for shelter for her demented husband and watching him deteriorate. She also writes about how the children had great responsibilities such as driving ca ttle and oxen.Elizabeth talks incessantly of the impossibility of cooking or staying warm and dry. Much of this has to do with when she and her family chose to travel. She also writes that with her husband ill, the consentaneous care of every amour falls upon her shoulders (Geer 1847).This contrasts sharply with Lydia Allen Rudd. Though in her look there is rain, she remains upbeat, sharing the high-minded vistas and her experiences with the Native Americans. All is not grand, however. She speaks of seeing the graves of men and women having died of measles and cholera. Her diary tells of reaching Salem, Oregon, and also Burlington. There, they are successful in finding both employment and housing for the winter (1852).Men, on the separate hand, saw much more violence in their lives. In looking at Edward Gould Buffums account of life in the gold mines, he tells of the trial of five men who were consequently lashed, and three of those men who were tried for attempted murder and r obbery. A jury found the men guilty.Buffum notes that the charges once morest them were well substantiated, that amounted to zipper more than an attempt at robbery and murder no overt act being regular alleged (1850). The sentence was death by hanging, and they were hanged that very day. Such was frontier justice. Buffum even protested against the mens death sentence, but stopped when the mob threatened to hang him. government activity played a huge role in encouraging and supporting westward migration. This was accomplished by the Homestead flirt of 1862. It took affect on the low of January of 1863. It gave anyone twenty one or older who is a citizen or intended to become a citizen, and who had neer borne arms against the United States Government or stipulation attend to and comfort to its enemies entitlement to land at $1.25 per acre, so long as the claim did not exceed a hundred sixty acres.The only thing the person had to do was swear out an affidavit that they were the head of household, or is twenty one, or given service in the US armed forces, never borne arms against the US and never given aid or comfort to its enemies. The person also had to hold the land for five years.The idea of seeming(a) percentage fit in well with the actual experiences of the pioneers. Though the road was tough, the rewards were great, as many people make their fortunes in the west. Manifest Destiny, or the idea that America had a God-given right to all of North America did fit in well with the actual experiences of the pioneers. It did not, however, respect the culture of the Native Americans. Native Americans were forced to move from ancestral lands, and some began to assimilate. This was largely due to the amount of missionaries that moved from the east to Oregon.Their goal was to civilize the barbaric Native Americans.There was, however, a place where the Americans and the Native Americans came together without argument. That place was called Middle Ground. It w as a place where Native Americans and Americans came together for trade. Manifest Destiny also affected communications. Mail traveled over a highroad known as the Butterfield Trail.This trail between Saint Louis and SanFrancisco took two weeks for mail to travel it. This helped to foster the ontogeny of the Pony Express. It ran for eighteen months and used relays of young riders to move mail slightly faster than traditional mail. many another(prenominal) went to Oregon and atomic number 20 to seek their fortunes and establish new lives.Sometimes, this involved religious differences. The Mormons for example, moved because they were not pass judgment in either New York or Illinois. In the two female accounts that were discussed, the women moved with their families to seek a new life in Oregon. In the account of Edward Gould Buffum, he had spent six months in the California gold mines.Even Horace Greely got into the idea of Manifest Destiny, advocating for a transcontinental railr oad as a way to facilitate communication and transportation to the new territories. He also talks about the need for pedagogy and virtuous women (Greely, 1860). Additionally, he discusses the need for the families of the men in California to have their families. He feels settlement would again be facilitated by a transcontinental railroad. Families would move with their men, and more families would be willing to move out west on the comfort of the trains, rather than take the wagon trains through the uncertain weather. The growth of towns showed that people were fetching the idea of Manifest Destiny seriously. The mass migration of immigrants to California numbered 80,000, and the city of San Francisco grew from 848 to an astonishing 60,000.The pioneer experiences and Manifest Destiny walked hand in hand through history. Manifest Destinys goal of taking over the continent combined with the curiosity of the American Pioneer. Their experiences helped forever shape the new America. T he United States Government helped by passing the Homestead Act, which encouraged people to settle in the new territories. Though their experiences were different, collectively, men and women helped shape a new America full of new challenges and new rewards.Bibliography37th Congress, Homestead Act of 1862. 1862.http//wpscms.pearson.cmg.com/long_longman_mhlus_0/0,11867,3125072- content,00.html (accessed March 8, 2009).Bauer, William J.. Dismantling Indian Country in the Nineteenth Century. History Reviews of New Books 36, no. 2 (2008) 49-52. Buffum, Edward. Six Months in the Gold Mines.1850.http//wpscms.pearson.cmg.com/long_longman_mhlus_0/0,11867,3124634- content,00.html (accessed March 8, 2009).Geer, Elizabeth. Journal. 1847. 1848.http//wpscms.pearson.cmg.com/long_longman_mhlus_0/0,11867,3124638- content,00.html (accessed March 8, 2009).Graulich, Melody. Review of West of Emerson The Design of Manifest Destiny. Amercan books 76, no. 3 (2004) 617-619.Greely, Horace. An Overland Jour ney. 1860.http//wpscms.pearson.cmg.com/long_longman_mhlus_0/0,11867,3124701- content,00.html (accessed March 8, 2009).OSullivan, John. The Great Nation of Futurity. http//wpscms.pearsoncmg.com/long_longman_mhlus_0/0,11867,3124755- content,00.html (accessed March 8, 2009). Rudd, Lydia. Diary of Westward buy the farm 1852. 1852.http//wpscms.pearson.cmg.com/long_longman_mhlus_0/0,11867,3124798- content,00.html (accessed March 8, 2009).

Chinese Corporation Essay Example for Free

Chinese pot Essay1. What kinds of advantages can Chinese companies obtain if they move production into the United States? There are several(prenominal) advantages Chinese companies obtain by moving their production to the United States. For starters, they would be able to sell to companies that scarcely purchase American made products. Also, the money earn from the U.S. base production generates profit for china which allows the companies to friend its country economy by expanding its business in both countries and providing jobs for the unemployed. Lastly, the companies would receive a huge tax-credit and provided significantly on shipping.2. What are some possible disadvantages and threats of moving production to the United States? Some American is not open to the fact that international companies are moving their production on United States soil. In fact, U.S. citizens are get outing to boycott and financially hurt the companies if such a move was to happen oddly in an economy where American own businesses are failing.3. Will more Chinese companies make investments in the United States as opposed to China and the future? Fully explain and justify your choice. I imagine that there will be an increase in Chinese companies making investments in the United States. For starters, it will help the companies international business relationship. To add, there are several stimulus packages the companies would qualify for (such as the economic tax credit) by doing business in America. Also, their profit would increase. The U.S. dollar is more than Yens. So, they would be making twice as much money in the U.S. on the same product sold in China at a cheaper rate. And, the cost to ship would decrease, because the companies would not have to pay duties on products being shipped inside the United States. Therefore, it is beneficial for Chinese companies to invest in the U.S.

Absorption of Nuclear Radiation Essay Example for Free

assimilation of Nuclear Radiation EssayThe purpose of this experiment was to determine the draw thickness fading agent for beta rays when they pass by polythene sheets of varying thicknesses. This was done by using an apparatus that measured the seven different intensities and then taking these harbors, putting them through a number of calculations and lowestly generating a graph of ln(I_corr) versus the thickness of the polyethylene sheets. at a time this graph was created, it was possible to apply a linear go away and using that, it was possible to determine the slope of the line. The slope was then utilise to calculate the mass thickness attenuation circumstanceor which ended up organism (0.197m 0.008) g/cm2. This value was then compargond to the theoretical value of 0.2 g/cm2 through a percent conflict computation. The percent going away was found to be a mere 1 percent which allowed for the conclusion that the results were very accurate. This was further suppo rted by the graph that was generated because it showed the crook that was expected to be seen. Overall, the experiment was quite successful with only one minor, possible source of mistake and that being a slight misreading of the vehemence apparatus which would explain the 1 percent difference.ObjectivesIn this experiment there were a couple different target areas. The premier(prenominal) objective was to gain an understanding of mass thickness attenuation through an investigation using beta rays and polyethylene sheets of different thicknesses. The second objective was to gain practice with new and unfamiliar laboratory instruments.Experimental ProcedureFor this experiment, there were multiple split to the procedure. The first part was to find the voltage at which the specific G-M work outer operates. This was done by first setting the timer to auto and placing the beta tray in the G-M tube. Next, the counter set up was powered on, reset, and started by pushing the button l abeled count. The voltage was cast upd in small increments until the unit began to continue to increase on its own. Once this occurred, it meant that the threshold voltage had been determined. After this, 75 volts was added to the threshold voltage and the machine remained at this level for the rest of the experiment.The next part of the procedure was to determine the background shaft of light that was present at heart the environment. This was done by simply turning on the counter, at the previously determined voltage, and taking a ten minute measurement. Once this was completed it was possible to determine what radiation was coming from the samples and what was just coming from the environment. The relative error for the intensity number found during this part of the procedure was then calculated and some(prenominal) values were recorded.The next part of the procedure was performed to discover the mass thickness attenuation coefficient of beta rays through polyethylene sheets of varying thickness. This was done by placing the beta source in the second level of the counter, placing the polyethylene sheet in the unit as well as, turning on the counter, and taking a one minute reading. This analogous procedure was repeated 6 more times, with 6 other polyethylene sheets of varying thicknesses. Each count for all seven polyethylene sheets was recorded, along with the varying thicknesses of the sheets, and both values were used in the final calculations.Experimental ResultsThe plot that was generated from the results can be found on attachment one. The calculations to come to these results can be found on attachment two.Data Analysis and DiscussionIn this experiment an apparatus was used to observe the way the mass thickness attenuation factor changed when multiple polyethylene sheets of a kind of thicknesses were used. The apparatus that was used, measured the intensity of the radiation in a unit know as counts. Because it is non possible to completely e xclude the background noise that is naturally occurring in the environment, it was necessary to take this into taradiddle when performing the calculations. For each polyethylene sheet that was used (of which there were seven), the I_corr was calculated. This was done by taking the intensity value given by the apparatus, subtracting the background noise value that was found previously, and then dividing by ten. Once all of these values were calculated, they were then used to find the natural log of I_corr, which ended up being the y value on the graph.After generating the ln(I_corr) versus thickness graph, a linear conniption was applied. It was from the information provided by the linear fit that allowed comparisons to be made between the theoretical and experimental values. The slope of the linear fit was used to calculate the experimental mass attenuation factor and its error which was found to be (0.197m 0.01) g/cm2. This value was then compared to the theoretical value of 0.2 g/cm2 through the percent difference equation. The percent difference was found to be 1.35%. The most probably source of error that caused this percent difference is a slight misreading by the apparatus used to measure intensity.In order to bring forth decreased the surmise of this happening, the unit should have been tested beforehand to ensure that it was working at its full potential. Because the percent difference is so small, however, it can be reason that non only are the experimental results precise, but that they are also very accurate and can be accepted as the mass attenuation factor. This is also supported by the graph. The value for intensity seen on the graph decreases in an almost linear fashion, as the thickness of the polyethylene sheets increased as was expected. This indicated that as the polyethylene sheets increased in thickness, the intensity of radiation decreased, suggesting that more beta rays were being absorbed.ConclusionOverall, the objectives of the e xperiment were accomplished. Not only was mass thickness attenuation looked at in great detail throughout the experiment, but it was also investigated further after the fact through comparison of the theoretical and experimental values. According to the results, the beta rays scatter and absorb at a mass thickness attenuation factor of (0.197m +/- 0.01) g/cm2. When this value was compared to the theoretical value of 0.2 g/cm2, it was concluded that indeed it was accurate because it had a percent difference of a mere 1 percent. Furthermore, this percentage could be explained by a simple misreading of the unit used to find the intensity values. Had the unit not made any slight misreading, the percent difference would have been even smaller and the experiment would have been even more successful.

Russias Approach to Cyber Warfare

Russias Approach to Cyber WarfarePolicy Briefing on the Imminent Russian Cybersecurity Threat The Need For Action Against Russian CybercrimesIn recent years, Russia has found a reliance on using cyberwar and crimes as a tactic to achieve their strategic demises both(prenominal) in their near-abroad and against westbound countries. The unite States must be prepared to penalize against any cyber outpouring directed at our farming of matter by assessing options to keep and counter the Russians without breaking winding to an overescalation and workable war.BackgroundThe frequency with which we hear somewhat Russian hackers hacking into a countrys important information and systems has become to a greater extent and more regular, and as a run of this it is important to trace okay the history of Russian cyber warfare. The first instance of a life-size scale Russian cyber attack happened in Estonia in 2007. At the cartridge clip, tensions were senior high school mingled wit h Russia and the former Soviet State, and the Kremlin authorized a campaign which targeted Estonian governmental agencies and businesses with character of massive DDoS (distributed denial of service) attacks that boot out passel countless websites essential to the social functioning of these agencies and businesses (Batashvili). In 2008, Russia co-ordinated an crimson larger cyber attack during the Russo- tabunn War. On August 7, a cyber attack was conducted from Russia against Georgian government and media websites, era at the same time Russian troops were crossing the Georgian border. correspond to the Report of the Independent International Fact-Finding burster on the Conflict in Georgia, the attack idle words to several Georgian work onrs and high amounts Internet job being taken control of and placed at a lower place external control (Batashvili). The offensive persisted through the counterpoint lasting until ceasefire was announced on August 12. Furthermore, t he Kremlin had tested their abilities in the get out up to the encroachment, shutting down the official website of the president of Georgia for an entire day on July 10. The Russian cyber attacks affected practic entirelyy all Georgian government websites, crippling the states ability to respond to the employment. Additionally, attacks targeted Georgian media, business, and other policy- devising organizations in order to control them from turning the conflict away from Russias favor by making it difficult for information of what was happening inside of the conflict zone to spread out to the rest of the world. consort to a report by the US Cyber Consequences Unit, the primary objective of the cyber campaign was to support the Russian invasion of Georgia, and the cyber attacks fit neatly into the invasion plan. The attacks achieved their intent, since they signifi burntly impeded the ability of the Georgian government to skunk with the Russian invasion by interfering with commun ications between the government and the public, stopping galore(postnominal) payments and financial transactions, and causing confusion about what was happening (US Cyber Crimes Unit).Recent cyber attacks against Ukraine are a worrying signal of a continued use of this strategy. Ukrainian president Petro Poroshenko verbalise that during in the final two months of 2016, Ukrainian state institutions had 6,500 instances of hacking, most directed towards the ministries of defence and finance, in addition to Kievs power grid and the treasury. According to the Poroshenko, the operation came at the hand of the Russian security serve, following the same playbook as they had in Georgia (Batashvili).Russian cyber operations are non use solely in tandem with military offensives moreover, with many in addition being employed in the wars on information, e special(a)ly against Western nations. The 2016 Ameri plunder presidential election, while highly publicized is not the solo instance i n which there is evidence of Russian treatment with the 2017 French and German elections also being targeted. Numerous French officials and agencies, including the Defense Minister and DGSE birth increase concern over the issue of Russian interference in the nations election, citing concern that evade news and cyber attacks were being directed to now President Macron and his party as they were not the beardidates the Kremlin believed would be most beneficial to the Russian state interests. German intelligence agencies work also brought up similar concerns about Russian cyber activities being directed against Germany and its election, with Chancellor Angela Merkel, herself seeing attacks as threatening the foundation of German land and the effective functioning of the German state (Delker). Russian Objectives As practiced today, Russian use of cyberwarfare has threesome common and consistent objectivesCapturing Territory Without Resorting to Overt orConventional Military For ceThis was the strategic goal we sawRussia trying to achieve in 2014, when they successfully annexed Crimea. Theannexation of Crimea relied on a group of Russian Special Forces operativesknown as the little green men, who took their directives from a newly cookdRussian special operations command. The deployment of these highly trainedoperatives, in coordination with a massive information warfare campaign, as puff up as the choosement of local Russianloyalist proxies created the opportunity for Russia to takeover without needingto shed blood as they had forced momentum to shift in their favor allowing forCrimeans in Ukraine to vote for secession from Ukraine (Chivis). In 2008,Russia employ similar tactics in its invasion of Georgia, during which theysimilarly coordinated cyber attacks against essential government computingservices while simultaneously operating special operation forces incoordination with Russian loyalists from the Georgian State. A major(ip) impact ofthese tacti cs has led to a weakened ability to integrate these countries withWestern thought. In 2013, Russian Chief of the General Staff, General Valery Gerasimov showed Russias current views on such hybrid cyber warfare tactics, stating that in modern conflicts non-military means are put to use more than 4 times as oft than are naturalized military operations (Gerasimov). This suggests in the future such cyber attacks will be resemblingly, and withal at this point many are not being properly identified. In its use of cyberspace, Russia has shown it can find success in achieving territorial reserve expansion goals in a manner that is nonviolent and patently peaceful, however there is always the underlying threat of actual military force being utilize unsparingly. Creating a Pretext for Overt,Conventional Military ActionIn a similar manner to capturingrule through covert, non-militarial expansion, Russia is also capable ofusing cyber warfare in order to create a conflict which hold ins them solidreasoning to use military force in foreign nations (Chivis). For instance, theRussian annexation of Crimea has lead to a reasonable concern that the Kremlincould engage in a hybrid strategy to manufacture a conflict worthy of militaryaction elsewhere, by chance the Baltic states. As it did in Crimea, Russia couldtry to create tension in a country like Estonia by conducting a campaign whichfoments discord between the minority Russian population and the Estonians. Increating these sentiments which portray the government of Estonia as oppressivetowards the minority Russians, the Kremlin can justify a Russian militaryintervention their behalf of the Russian minority, as Russian sentiment cool itsees these people as their own. Conducting an operation of this sort requiresthe accompaniment of simultaneous cyber operations directed at lightingattitudes and creating difficulties in executing both national and NATO receptions. It would almost certainly be accompanied by efforts to make forbroader European and world opinion in ways that favored Russias interventionthrough use of propaganda and opinion shifting which portrays Russia as actingon behalf of a repressed population that seeks its aid. On the ground, it wouldinvolve the use of Russian secret agents and proxies, both to act asaid/support for local populations creating tensions, and to coordinate withmilitary forces awaiting instruction and guidance.Using Hybrid Measures to Influencethe Politics and Policies of Countries in the West and ElsewhereThis last objective is the mostpressing for the join States and Western countries out of the near vicinityof Russia. In this objective, the Kremlin seeks to use cyber operations in lieuof military action or war to create tension and disablement in Westerngovernments. The goal of this strategy is to captivate and create favorablepolitical outcomes in targeted countries to serve Russias national interests(Chivis). The countries where these types of operat ions are most likely to findsuccess are those with high levels of corruption and weak legal systems.However, more stable countries such as the unify States and the United landed estateare similarly susceptible to such operations. Examples of ways the Kremlin canengage in cyber operations to influence an outside nations political system embroil the use of fake troll accounts utilize on social media to spreadpropaganda and create divides amongst the citizens of that nation. Also thehacking of servers of government officials can entrust them with corporal whichthey can use to either influence that official through blackmail, or which canbe leaked to induce set ahead tension. In creating these narratives, Russia hasthe ability to influence democracy by planting false information andmanufacturing biases against those that act against the interests of theKremlin.American StakesThe continued use of cyber attacks by the Russian government brings up very realistic threats both domestic ally and internationally for the United States.Internationally as Russia continues with their their goals of territorial expansion, the United States is faced with the concern of a wider influence of Russian thought and expansion of pro-Russian policies in areas where the United States has worked to promote democracy and peace. The desire of Russia to set up the Soviet Union remains very real, and as seen in Estonia, Georgia, and Crimea cyber attacks can play a backbone role in these territorial gains. By allowing continued expansion of the Russian state, the United States risks losing the strategic relationships they have developed with these countries as soundly as the progress they made towards finding them more independence from Russia as democracy began to take its roots in these nations. Furthermore, these attacks can be used by Russia in places like Syria as a way to promote the Assad regime which works in coordination with Russia in achieving other strategic goals, such a s the development of an oil pipeline through Syria. Domestically, Russian cyber attacks can destabilize the US government by creating rifts and tensions amongst the American populace through the spread of false information and fake news. As seen by the hacks against the DNC as well as the use of trolls during the 2016 Presidential Election, Russias use of cyber attacks can profane American democracy by allowing for a foreign nation to alter the minds of our citizens, feeding them lies and inflammatory material to create disarray in our democracy. This is especially hurtful as Russia can cite American pain as a reason to not take our example and implement democracy in the American fashion to foreign nations. Attacks by Russia can also cripple the governments ability to function towards the service of its citizens. Government Organization for a Cyber Attack The 2016Presidential Policy Directive (PPD) 41 United States Cyber IncidentCoordination defines a significant cyber attack as likely to result indemonstrable harm to national security interests, foreign relations, thedomestic and global economy, public confidence, civil liberties, or publicwellness and the safety of the American people. (PPD 41). Cyber attacks byRussia against domestic communication or critical IT infrastructure fall underthis classification.Should such anattack actually occur, the National Cyber Response Group would lead thedefensive reply as an arm of the National Security Council (PPD 41). TheSecretary of Defense, in tandem with the directors of our intelligence information agencieswould be responsible for managing inpouring threats, and coordinating anystrategy or movement that would require active military response. In the yieldthat the telecommunications systems of the National Security and EmergencyPreparedness sector fail, the National Coordinating Center for Communicationswould be tasked with re-establishing communications. Furthermore, PPD 41stipulates that if an operation with clear attribution is found to haveoccured, the Cyber Response Group shall assemble a team of qualified andskilled cyber personnel to respond to the cyber incident. This response teamshall have experience in concert in the form of practice sessions and war games. U.S. Strategic Responses After addressingthe immediate effect of a Russian cyber attack, its imperative the UnitedStates consider its options of strategic and tactical responses. One option forthe United States is response through non-military means such as indictment,diplomacy, or sanctions (Bate). A lower-level military and intelligencestrategy that could possibly be employed by the United States is the use ofcounter-surveillance intelligence operations, non- recogniseed(predicate) cyber orconventional attacks, or attributable cyber or conventional attacks (Herb).These operations would target Russian military, civilian, or criticalinfrastructure systems. Since NATOclassifies cyberspace as the fifth operational domai n, it is likely that if theUnited States identified a significant cyber incident against its citizens asoriginating from Russia, their response would come in the form of aggressivecyber tactics. The possibility of conventional military expeditions may beexplored, however the risk of further escalation makes it more likely that theUnited States respond only through cyber operations. Low-Level traceable Cyber Intrusion One possibleresponse the United States could utilize in retaliation to Russian cyberattacks is subordinate cyber intrusion, distributed across a array of cyberincidents that could not be collectively categorized as a major attack. Thisintrusion would appear as a result of what is called brassy cyber weapons,which are tools that can be traced back to the U.S military (Herb). The USmilitary would send these weapons, embedded with encrypted codes, into Russiannetworks. The United States would then publicly provide the encryption key toend the intrusions caused by these w eapons as a way to claim responsibility forthe attack. The decision of taking credit for the attacks is a key paradigmshift in U.S military strategy, now punctuate attribution as a key aspect ofa successful operation, and public knowledge as vital for bullying. TheUnited States also has the option of conducting more basic cyber attacksagainst Russias network, including by not modified to alteration of governmentwebsites, disruptions of Internet service, interferences and disablements ofcommunications, or the spreading of propaganda (Department of Defense Law ofWar Manual). In the import of the hack of the DNC, senior officials weighed optionsfor counter attacks on the Russian Federal Security Service (FSB) and the MainIntelligence Agency (GRU), including the use of the NSAs TreasureMap tool,which tracks all global connections to the Internet, and can be utilized toinstall malware in targeted Russian computer systems with the purpose ofintelligence gathering and future cyber-ass aults (Bamford). Medium-Level Cyber Attack -No Immediate CasualtiesThe United States also has to ability toemploy the use of logical system bombs in cyber operations targeting both military andnon-military targets in Russia. system of logic bomb are codes developed with thepurpose of overloading a computers system rendering them unequal to(p) to operateby presenting them with an endless amount of logic questions to answer. Sendingthese logic bombs into computer systems critical to Russias infrastructurewill lead to the United States causing dramatic economic and operationaldamages to the Russian government and its people (Sternstein). The UnitedStates has invested a large sum of money into the development of these logicbombs, with initial investment coming back in 2014 when U.S. Cyber Commandoffered a $460 million contract to develop a computer code capable of killingadversaries.(Storm). High-Level Cyber Attack Possible Casualties The United Statescould use logic bombs or other c yber intrusion methods to attack Russiancritical infrastructure in a more serious fashion, jumper lead to a largerpotential for loss of human life or safety. These attacks include targetingsystems such as those of a dam above a populated level where a hackingcould lead to floodgates being opened onto Russian citizens, or disabling airtraffic control services leading to air safety where planes pose a threat toeach other and the land beneath them. These options, especially if they areeasily traceable, have the potential to escalate quickly into furtherintensified conflict.Military-Level Cyber Attack Escalatory The United States also has the ability touse similar cyber operations to directly attack Russian military targets, withpossible targets including the shut off of power at a nuclear facility or anairfield, which will lead to the cause of serious casualties. These attackswill most definitely lead to a triggering of a notable escalatory sceptre ofresponse by the Russians. It is significant that many Russian industrialnetworks run computer systems operating Windows XP, and in some causas evenolder systems, while maintaining connections to the Internet. Not only are thesedated systems particularly penetrable to attack, as evidenced by the UnitedStates already demonstrating its ability to break into these systems. InNovember 2016, the United States reportedly penetrated Russian militarysystems, leaving behind malware to be activated in retaliation in the case ofRussian interference of U.S. elections (Dilanian et. al). This demonstratedboth confidence in the success of the malware implant, and politicalwillingness to trigger a consequential conflict given Russia attacks the UnitedStates in a serious manner (Bernish).Strategic Considerations for U.S. Decisions In response to aRussian cyber attack, the United States strategic responses should be a resultof its classification of the attack as being non-significant, significant, oran act of war. State Departmen t Cyber Coordinator Chris Painter said the UnitedStates would respond to incidents on a case-by-case basis in testimony beforethe stomach Subcommittee on Information Technology and National Security in November2016, saying that retaliation could be through cyber means. It could bethrough diplomacy. It could be through indictments and law enforcementactions.(Pellerin).Some of theseresponses require action while others do not the path taken must be dependenton actual and anticipated effects of a cyber attack, including damage, injury,and death. Painter testified that, cyber activities may in certaincircumstances constitute an armed attack that triggers our intact right toself-defense as recognized by Article 51 of the U.N. Charter(Hearing on digital Acts of WarEvolving the Cybersecurity Conversation). The United States could also identify acyberattack as being an infringement upon its territorial integrity andpolitical independence, per Article 2(4) of the Charter. However, recentpol itical happenings indicate that the United States would be hesitant ininvoking Article 51, regardless of whether a Russian cyber attack lead tonominal death, injury, or damage. Instead, the United States could limit itsdeclarations and address the attack as a significant cyber incident, invokingthe full support of the U.S. military while avoiding over-escalation.Furthermore, even though NATO justifies military response in the realm ofcyberspace, the lack of precedent means that the United States actually hasmore options in responding to Russia if it were to employ use of cyber means,that may or may not lead to conventional consequences. The United States wouldneed to decide between conducting a covert or overt counter-cyber attack. Thetactical considerations famed above show that hidden, non-attributable cyberattacks do not fall within the Department of Defenses deterrence strategy, andwould not be treated as a suitable strategy. In the aftermath of the 2014 SonyPictures hacking by the northeastern Korean government, the United States didntrespond with a public cyber operation, and it was unclear how the UnitedStates may have retaliated against the North in secret, if it even didso.(Sanger). The lack of a publicly noticed retaliation as well mild economicsanctions now seems ineffective as punishment. A situation could come up thatwould give the United States the opportunity to execute an immediatelyobservable cyber attack or a preparatory attack (logic bomb), with the targetbeing either a Russian military or civilian infrastructure. Similar to Russia,the United States should also avoid directly targeting a military structure inorder to avoid escalation to complete war. As a result of this, the UnitedStates should choose to deploy a cyber weapon against critical Russianinfrastructure, leading to conventional consequences being faced by Russia.Even the use a medium-level choice in terms of retaliation, would requireglobal ramifications to be taken into accoun t. Even still, it ismy recommendation to engage in a retaliatory strategy, which employs the use ofboth a combination of an observable cyber attack through use of loud cyberweapons and logic bombs against significant parts of the Russianinfrastructure. The United States cannot allow Russia to attack them and takeglobal credit for the attack without retaliating in some way to show dominanceover Russia. Loud cyber weapons are particularly suitable for retaliationthat the public is aware of and will show the world that the United States isnot only willing to retaliate, but is better skilled in cyber war and confidentenough in its abilities to retaliate swiftly. Logic bombs targeted againstnon-military sites that still hold significant value to Russian infrastructurewill be the bit leg of the suggested attack. The crippling of essentialinfrastructure will both warn the Russians that an attack on us will be metwith an attack that hurts their citizens and keep them from being able toreta liate back since they will not have the resources to come back at theUnited States. Works CitedBatashvili, David. Russias Cyber War Past, Present, and Future. EUobserver, 15 Feb. 2017, euobserver.com/opinion/136909.Delker,Janosch. Germany Fears Russia steal Information to Disrupt Election.POLITICO, POLITICO, 28 Jan. 2018,www.politico.eu/article/hacked-information-bomb-under-germanys-election/.The Military Doctrine of the Russian Federation, approved byRussian Federation presidentialedict on February 5, 2010 (translated). Accessed athttp//carnegieendowment.org/files/2010russia_military_doctrine.pdf.Understanding Russian Hybrid Warfare and What puke Be Done About It (2017) (testimony of Christopher S. Chivvis). Print.US CyberConsequences Unit. (2009) Overview by the US-CCU of the cyber campaign againstGeorgia in August of 2008Valery Gerasimov, The respect of Science is in the ForesightNew Challenges Demand Rethinking theForms and Methods of Carrying out Combat Operations, Voyenno-Pr omyshlennyyKurier, February 26, 2013.