Sociology

replicationS OF IDENTITY , DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS WITH REFERENCE TO LATE 20 TH blow MACHINES , THEIR IMPACT , DIFFERENCE BETWEEN intrinsic AND REALAuthor AffiliationABSTRACTTHE ESSAY IS A CRITICAL ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION OF THE protrude OF IDENTITY IN SOCIAL SCIENCES . THE FACTORS THAT DETERMINE AN IDENTITY , CONCEPTS THAT de boundaryine THEM , DETERMINANTS THAT AFFECT IDENTITIES , THEIR IMPACT ON SOCIAL ISSUES . CONSEQUENCES THAT HAVE roll in the hay THEM TO MAKE THE PRESENT SOCIETY . THE THEORIES THAT ELUDICATE THESE ISSUES AND THE FUTURE PERSPECTIVE OF THE IDENTITIES WITH superoxide dismutase tabuional REFERENCE TO 20 light speed MACHINES THREATENING THE ESSENCE OF inwrought AND ARTIFICIAL , MIND AND BODY , ORGANISMS AND MACHINES . FOCUS ON THE location OF POLITICAL AND SOCIAL AFFAIRS IN AUSTRALIA WITH A condescension FOR THE ISSUE OF IDENTITIES IN THE COUNTRY ISSUE OF IDENTITY , 2OTH CENTURY MACHINES , AMBIGUITY IN THE DIFFERENCE OF NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL , ORGANISMS AND MACHINES significant scientist Woodward (2003 ) discusses electric outlets of individuation as iodine of the key factors in spite of appearance the shape acquaintances . The kind betwixt the ad hominem and the individualistic on the one happen , and the neighborly on the unused(prenominal) , questions the think adjoin by individuals and the societies in which they live , with the influence of one on the opposite (Woodward 2003The accident of distinction of one from the separate ad plantes the thought of individuality element and cracks a counselling of thinking pretty , and of reason how the personal and the hearty atomic number 18 connected when impudent technologies nonch contests to the certainties close to identities at a personal level (Woodward , 2003What is an indi viduality and what is a affectionate impor! tThe lucky philosopher Mead (1934 ) defines a ` affable eject as a compounding of factors that construct and consume a behavior of a stem of muckle c on the livelonged decree and uses this belief to institute how the personal and individual is linked to the loving in the development of tiddlerren We scarcely let out self-importance-importance awargonness by means of connecting the `I to the `me The `I is the un kindlyized child who is a collect of needfully , wants and dispositions and the me is the affectionate self (Mead , 1934What argon the genial factors that determine an identityIt is inferred that amicable determinants of an identity issue are derived from demographic , stinting and political factors . The demographic determinants take paganity , race , geography , color and gender of the identity . economic identity is decided by the status of the country with elongation to its prudence and the acquire power of citizens (Haraway , 2 003 (Zukin ,S . 2004 (Bernstein ,2005 (S get tor , 2002How are identities represented in companionship societal scientists increasingly lendress the question of representational systemin ripening an understanding of how identities are constructed and how people come to take up incident identity positions . Of course it is not notwithstanding loving scientists who wee-wee these troubles well- intimately how identities are represented in order . Politicians , commercial-grade enterprises and advertising agencies employ the insights of tender erudition in maturation promotional and marketing strategies which encourage the voter or the consumer to play upon with a livingstyle or unfeignedise promoted and nigh signifi bottom of the inningtly , to sign up for the political party or procure the product in to do so (Woodward , 2003 concussion of identities on tender issues. Woodward (2003 ) suggests , refugees and those seeking asylum from repressive regimes and ec onomic deprivation persist to bowel movements . Gl! obal with child(p)s assume skilled labour and provoke migration of people across the boundaries of republic states pointing at repairs of identities on kind issues . tender identity raises questions to the meanings to the identities of US citizens in the aftermath of September 11 , 2001 . Woodward (2003 ) describes the competing or course of opinioning identities in global arena in legal impairment of , Conflict mingled with Croats , Serbs and Bosnians , Tutsi and Hutu in Rwanda . The conflicts amidst corporal identities , ethnic groups or mingled with explicitly religious groups such(prenominal) as Catholics and Protestants or Muslims and Jews lead to conflict and sluice impetuous hostilities (Woodward , 2003Turner (1992 ) points out , except of gender , race , and ethnicity plays a major role to wager close a re cast in social optimistic and constitute up the social rights of the citizens of Australia in recent times , This exemplify the impact of ide ntities on social issues (Turner ,1992 some(prenominal) acts find and test alternative mechanisms to storey for the consanguinitys between organizing round certain identities and particular movement outcomes as one of the impacts of the identity issues . Turner (1999 ) assumes that substantial identities inhibit the geological formation of coalitions . She claims , accent on choice of identity enables the intersexed movement (Turner ,1999 . til like a shot , Bernstein (2002a ) in her historic analysis of the lesbian and gay finds that structures and settingual factors as well as strategic decisions rather than an essential ascertain of identity report card for a movements emphasis on ethnical and political change and ability to , for , coalition (Bernstein , 2003 This identity conversation in the public sphere is culturally constructed by means of and finished interactional routines and exacerbates or mitigates tension (Lichter troops ,1999 . decameter (2003 ) suggests , external threats get out the impetus to! cross movement alliances and organizational ideology has greater impact than movement identities in forming coalitionsEconomic factors - Capitalism and consumerismZukin and Maguire (2004 ) remark , Sociologists in the United States collect largely ignored the of inhalation precisely they lay down done so at their own bring out , though devour basic goods is as ancient as tender-hearted society , at that place is a reason to accept that usance of to a greater extent than elaborate goods and work and the consumption potential , assume an overpowering signifi fe masculine genital organce in modern life . gross sales of technologically sophisticated consumer goods standardised automobiles , DVDs and personal computers bemuse up a greater portion of domestic economy around the initiation . Advertisements increasingly promote the use of goods and services and shape up public finale (Zukin , Maguire , 2004 Capitalism induces a desire to satisfy and consume more(pr enominal) than minimum levels of somatogenic needs for food , clothing and shelter . A good fetish becomes a social need Marx (1972 ) acknowledges men and women like to dress up and eat well , merely describes these acts as zoology functions (Marx , 1972 ,Zukin and Maguire , 2004Political factorsBernstein (2005 ) put forward two views which rest on possible action of power Class variety , the only legitimate witnesser of exploitation and oppression class culture and economic inequality , primary agents of social change umpteen of the work , challenge the views of social activists . individuality politics is not seen as a political practice that challenges important relationships of power barely is unders besidesd in symbolic , cultural and psychological terms because of theoretical assumptions (Bernstein 2005Kauff military personnels gentleman (1990 ) claims , identity groups tend to splinter forever more into condition categories and cannot agree or sustain on an y(prenominal)thing except opposite to a green enemy! Such a kind of administration leads to an inability to form coalitions to agitate for liberal or revolutionary social change (Kauffman , 1990What are the factors that determine social issues of identity Late 20th coulomb makes the struggle between indispensable and artificial , encephalon and personate , self growing and eternally designed thoroughly evasive . umpteen other distinctions apply to organism and moulds (Woodward , 2003 . Conflicts arise from uncertainties to the highest degree identities and the contemporaneous macrocosm offers many such object lessons (Woodward , 2003Woodward (2003 ) the boundary between merciful and living creature , is thoroughly breached in the late 20th deoxycytidine monophosphate . zipper really convincingly settles the separation of homosexual and wildcat . biota and evolutionary theory simultaneously reduce the railroad draw between sympathetics and animals to a faint trace , re-etch ideologic struggle or profes sional disputes between life and social acquaintances over last two centuries (Woodward 2003 ) The development in science creates conamalgamation and chaos in the issues of identities , virtue of expect , subjective and social , a choice by an individual dependable now the advent of science and technology , stark naked inventions for human consumption meddle in the essence of real and the ones scientists construct (Woodward , 2003 invigorated technologies also offer challenges to certainties about identity at a personal level . Haraway (n .d ) as cited by Woodward (2003 :36 elaborates her account by the illustrations of case studies in 2001 . A French fair sex gives birth to a child using the egg of an outlander donor fertilized by her brother s sperm . At the identical time Italian Professor Severino Antinoris announces of 200 checks who participate in an experiment to produce clone babies to center considerable queasiness on the identity of the people s o created . Cloning troubles our whiz of who we ar! e and raises doubts of our genetic uniqueness . Such developments illustrate nigh of the uncertainties we are beset in the present-day(a) gentleman (Woodward , 2003 Identities are the common currency of popular tele mountain as they offer discernible superficial and distorted identities about `good and ` ruinous . Whether we compass deeper into our selves , in search of greater certainty about `who we are or take to the streets in bitter conflict to cheer our identities , identity is an important feature of the contemporary world (Woodward , 2003Woodward (2003 ) states , to redeem an identity involves being active in some way , regular though for many people there is only limited choice Identification is the term often utilise in psychoanalysis to describe the process of pickings up an identity and this process goes more than further than just write the behavior and attitudes of others (Woodward 2003Woodward (2003 ) Identification involves taking an identity into yourself . individualism is not only about what others see as behavior and outer observable expressions of who we are , it is also about the internal , about feelings and the inner space where emotions and desires are played out (Woodward , 2003 . Freud (1905 ) uses the theory of identification to describe and explain the ways in which children adopt gender identities through the psychological process . iodine nerve of account is similar to that of Mead (1934 . Freud (1905 ) concerns more with the problems and conflicts that occur to form identity Mead (1934 Freud s (1905 ) particular concern is with the impact of the unconscious mind on our experience but not a concern for Mead (1934 (Woodward 2003 ,Freud , 1905Petchesky (2000 ) uses the example of the visual image of the baby in the uterus to show the privilege of visual representation and suggests the possibility of reason links to other discursive fields and senses Photographic image produced through ultrasound scannin g connotes wider social and cultural meanings and tha! t photographs are not simple reflections of something real she argues (Petchesky , 2000 ,Woodward 2003 Representations involve the images , haggling , sounds and practices through which meanings are expressed . It is through these representations that we make sense of the world and of our place in it that is of our identities . It is little wonder that advertisers are elicit in how systems of representation work (Woodward ,2003The cultural theorist Barthes (1972 ) argues , texts are all forms of representations not just haggle and images also ceremonies , rituals robes , films , buildings , hairstyles and tele mess programmes . This gives chain reactor to work with , but new technologies nominate additional texts and we could add the Internet as another spot for the production of meanings about who we are and who we could be (Barthes ,1972 ,Woodward 2003Hi tech babies riposte is an area of human life that might seem to offer the greatest , approximately essential certa inties , yet the advent of productive technologies mentioned above subverts til now the certainty of set abouthood (Woodward , 2003 . Woodward (2003 ) comments , technologies make even childbearing - the most embodied of human relations , when one body is envelop within another - seem some(prenominal) disembodied and distanced conventionalized reproductive technologies create the possibility of a woman carrying a fetus produced in vitro by the fusion of another woman s egg and the sperm of an anonymous man . the baby , if carried to term becomes the child of yet another , surrogate parent or parents can raise conflicting questions of who the child s perplex is in this situation The confusion , Woodward (2003 ) narrates , if it is the host mother who carries the fetus and gives birth to the baby or the genetic mother who provided the egg , or the person who puts in the long-term sturdy work and provides deal for the child (Woodward , 2003 . In such a scenario the po ssibilities of techno science frustrate existing und! erstandings of parental identities (Woodward , 2003Embodied identitiesWoodward (2003 ) wonders if the body offers bail about `who we are Common sense infers thoughts about alternatives to re-conceptualize the idea of our identities and the possibility of grow in our biology , in bodies live by us . We could reconsider how far changing technologies conciliate new spaces to hash out events in cyberspace The late twentieth blow machines have made the differences between people and machines ambiguous (Woodward , 2003 . Balsamo (2003 argues , virtual truth offers the possibility of constructing realities free from the determination of body-based `real identities (Balsamo 2000 . Cyberspace is a body-free environment where labels you carry in other spaces of your life , a woman or a man do not matter . In MUDs (multi-user domains ) or even more dramatically MUSH (multi-user shared hallucinations ) people can conduct relationships without ever meeting physically and construct them selves through a whole series of such relationships (Woodward , 2003Cyborg thinkingHaraway (1980 ) offers the concept of bionic man to challenge customal natural , social , mind /body , human /machine , human /animal constraining opposites , and breaks fell the boundary categorizations of man and machine to question how new technologies can open up new ways of thinking about identityThe cyborg offers a new way of thinking about a conceptualization of the relationship between human beings and techno science , people and machines .

Haraway (1980 ) argues the breakdown of distinctions between animals and people , humans and ma chines and between science and fiction in the late tw! entieth century to construct the concept of the cyborg , to bridge the gap between human and animal and machine . For Haraway (1980 , developments in scientific culture have made it out(predicate) to make clear distinctions any more Woodward (2003 The 20 th Century machines have created controversial implications to the issues of social , political and cultural identities of the citizens of the globe . Dissolving boundaries , revolt consumerism and genetic engineering have threatened the very issue of identity that social scientists have studied , identified to be a strong cover version force of an individual to the society (Woodward ,2003 ,Shaver ,2002 ,Bernstein ,2005 ,Zukin ,Maguire ,2004Critical Analysis and Evaluation with context to AustraliaZukin , Maguire (2004 ) reason greater impact of Globalization in Australia and unrelenting naked Zealand than elsewhere due to senior high historical defense and open economies to foreign trade by both Nations . Shaver (2002 ) in forms the implication of public assistance reform , a process long under way , outdated , because well-being safety nets create post war era estimable usance and stable family standards for the meaning of social citizenship in Australia (Shaver , 2002Commonwealth of Australia takes the ideas much further Commonwealth of Australia (1994 . For the first time these reforms break with the usage of male bread winner family and treat the partners of a duplicate as separate individuals who potentially require to seek forge The new valuation of activity identifies citizenship less with members of a social association than with participants in it (Shaver , 2002 Shaver s (2002 ) focus on welfare , dependence among indigenous Australians remarks Australian Social Citizenship a essential , though incomplete representation of Marshall s (1963 ) idealized hatful . As Marshall (1963 ) sees welfare state citizenship to be world(a) , as all social classes share the same social prot ection . But the strong criticism points its relianc! e too singularly on British historical experience (Marshall ,1963 . Huber and Stephens (1999 ) severalise unemployment a proximate cause of welfare state downsizing or constraintPearson (2000 ) argues , welfare poison a force for social breakdown in these communities . European welfare States prove importantly more secure against erosion than Australian more expeditious form of income support (Esping , 1999Conclusion Late 20th century makes the difference between natural and artificial mind and body , self developing and eternally designed thoroughly ambiguous . Many other distinctions apply to organism and machines (Woodward , 2003 . Conflicts arise from uncertainties about identities and the contemporary world offers many such examples (Woodward , 2003 Woodward (2003 ) the boundary between human and animal , is thoroughly breached in the late twentieth century Impact of Globalization in Australia and sensitive Zealand , reforms break with the tradition of male bread win ner family and treat the partners of a couple as separate individuals who potentially require to seek employment , the new valuation of activity identifies citizenship less with members of a social community than with participants in it (Shaver , 2002 . Shaver s (2002 ) focus on welfare , dependence among indigenous Australians remarks Australian Social Citizenship a significant , though incomplete representation of Marshall s (1963 idealized vision but . Marshall (1963 ) sees welfare state citizenship to be general . this , self explains the summary , of the critical analysis and evaluation of the canvass in context to AustraliaIn-text Reference(Balsamo , A .2000 .Embodied Identities . get along of Identities(Bartha , 2000 . cut of Identities(Barthes , 1972 . recognize of Identities(Bernstein , M 2002a . Attributing actor to indistinguishability . identity Politics(Bernstein , M 2003 . Attributing causality to individuality . indistinguishability Politics(Bernstein , M 20 05 . Approaches to Defining indistinguishability . i! ndividuation Politics(Commonwealth of Australia , 1994(Esping , Anderson ,1999 . Retracting Social Citizenship . Australian eudaimonia domesticize : From Citizenship to management(Freud ,S , 1905 . Identification .Issues of personal identity(Haraway ,D ,2003 .Issues of identity operator(Kauffman ,1990 .Consequences of Identity Politics . Identity Politics(Marshall ,T .H ,1963 . Australian Social Citizenship . Australia Australian upbeat make better : From Citizenship to surveillance(Marx ,1972 .Introduction . Consumers and Consumption(Mead ,G .H ,1934 .What Do You involve by Identity . Issues of Identity(Pearson ,N ,2000 .The newfound Virtues : Activity and Participation Australian Welfare straighten out : From Citizenship to control(Petchesky ,R , 2000 .Representation . Issue of Identity(Shaver ,S ,2004 .The New Virtue : Active Participation . Consumers and Consumption(Shaver ,S ,2002 .Introduction . Australian Welfare better : From Citizenship to control(Shaver ,S ,2 002 .Abstract . Australian Welfare iron out : From Citizenship to Supervision(Turner ,1992 .Australian Social Citizenship . Australian Welfare Reform From Citizenship to Supervision(Turner ,1999 .Experience /Identity and Strategy . Identity Politics(Woodward ,K ,2003 .Representations . Issue of Identity(Woodward , K ,2003 .Introduction . Issue of Identity(Woodward , K ,2003 .What Do We Mean by Identity . Issues of Identity(Zukin ,S , Maguire ,S .J ,2004 .Introduction . Consumers and ConsumptionBibliographyAustralia (nd ) Retrieved March 16 ,07 . From en /wikipedia .org /wiki /AustraliaBalsemo ,A (2000 . The big Issues , Routledge , capital of the United Kingdom and New YorkBartha (2000 . The bighearted Issues , Routledge , capital of the United Kingdom and New YorkBernstein , M (2005 . Identity Politics . Annu .Rev .Sociol ,31 (pp 47-74Commonwealth of Australia (1994 . Australian Welfare Reform : From Citizenship to Supervision . Social form _or_ system of government and judi cial system , 4 (pp .331-345 ) BlackwellEsping , Ande! rson (1999 . Australian Welfare Reform : From Citizenship to Supervision . Social Policy and electric pig , 4 (pp .331-345 BlackwellFreud ,S (1905 . The Big Issues , Routledge , capital of the United Kingdom and New YorkHaraway ,D (2003 .The Big Issues , Routledge , London and New YorkKauffman (1990 . Identity Politics . Annu .Rev .Sociol , 31 (pp . 47-74Marshall ,T .H (1963 . Australian Welfare Reform : From Citizenship to Supervision . Social Policy and Administration , 4 (pp .331-345 BlackwellMarx .K (1972 . Consumers and Consumption . Annu .Rev .Sociol . 30 (pp .173-97Mead ,G .H (1934 . Consumers and Consumption . Annu .Rev .Sociol . 30 (pp .173-97Pearson ,N (2000 . Australian Welfare Reform : From Citizenship to Supervision . Social Policy and Administration , 4 (pp .331-345 BlackwellPetchesky ,R (2000 .The Big Issues , Routledge , London and New YorkShaver ,S (2004 . Consumers and Consumption . Annu .Rev .Sociol . 30 (pp .173-97Shaver ,S (2002 . Australian Welfare Reform : From Citizenship to Supervision . Social Policy and Administration , 4 (pp .331-345 BlackwellTurner (1992 . Australian Welfare Reform : From Citizenship to Supervision . Social Policy and Administration , 4 (pp .331-345 BlackwellTurner .R (2005 . Identity Politics . Annu .Rev .Sociol ,31 (pp .47-74Woodward ,K (2003 . The Big Issues , Routledge , London and New YorkZukin ,S ,Maguire ,S .J (2004 . Consumers and Consumption Annu .Rev .Sociol . 30 (pp .173-97First 2 or 3 words of Title PAGE 15 ...If you want to get a full essay, order it on our website: OrderCustomPaper.com

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